| Component | Translated | Untranslated | Untranslated words | Checks | Suggestions | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00a_preface
GPL-2.0
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21% | 176 | 8,690 | Browse | |||
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00b_foreword
GPL-2.0
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71% | 622 | 29,022 | 227 | Browse | ||
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01_the-debian-project
GPL-2.0
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59% | 4,952 | 169,317 | 1,413 | 26 | 3 | Browse |
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02_case-study
GPL-2.0
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68% | 537 | 17,098 | 176 | 3 | 1 | Browse |
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03_existing-setup
GPL-2.0
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65% | 919 | 23,584 | 246 | 2 | 1 | Browse |
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04_installation
GPL-2.0
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58% | 2,789 | 97,013 | 400 | 32 | 1 | Browse |
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05_packaging-system
GPL-2.0
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49% | 4,393 | 147,431 | 1,370 | 1 | 3 | Browse |
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06_apt
GPL-2.0
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40% | 9,117 | 247,099 | 3,183 | 4 | 1 | Browse |
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07_solving-problems
GPL-2.0
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47% | 2,129 | 53,719 | 583 | Browse | ||
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08_basic-configuration
GPL-2.0
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50% | 7,888 | 216,815 | 1,861 | 211 | Browse | |
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09_unix-services
GPL-2.0
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58% | 5,774 | 158,061 | 1,841 | 2 | Browse | |
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10_network-infrastructure
GPL-2.0
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41% | 5,551 | 180,879 | 1,045 | 83 | 1 | Browse |
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11_network-services
GPL-2.0
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28% | 16,563 | 318,257 | 3,658 | 8 | Browse | |
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12_advanced-administration
GPL-2.0
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42% | 7,374 | 322,123 | 1,345 | 8 | Browse | |
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13_workstation
GPL-2.0
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33% | 5,374 | 114,856 | 1,248 | 97 | Browse | |
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14_security
GPL-2.0
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38% | 6,943 | 254,746 | 931 | 12 | 3 | Browse |
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15_debian-packaging
GPL-2.0
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40% | 2,799 | 101,719 | 444 | 2 | Browse | |
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70_conclusion
GPL-2.0
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37% | 378 | 14,834 | 21 | 1 | Browse | |
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90_derivative-distributions
GPL-2.0
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45% | 1,022 | 30,082 | 276 | Browse | ||
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92_short-remedial-course
GPL-2.0
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50% | 2,309 | 70,868 | 638 | Browse | ||
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99_backcover
GPL-2.0
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64% | 71 | 3,740 | 13 | Browse | ||
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99_website
GPL-2.0
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72% | 119 | 2,254 | 17 | 4 | Browse | |
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Author_Group
GPL-2.0
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81% | 19 | 19 | 29 | Browse | ||
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Book_Info
GPL-2.0
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57% | 160 | 2,979 | 12 | 6 | Browse | |
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debian-handbook
GPL-2.0
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Browse | ||||||
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Revision_History
GPL-2.0
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84% | 12 | 16 | 1 | Browse | ||
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| Project website | https://debian-handbook.info/ | |
|---|---|---|
| Mailing list for translators | debian-handbook-translators@lists.alioth.debian.org | |
| Instructions for translators | ||
| Translation license | GPL-2.0 08_basic-configuration 04_installation debian-handbook 90_derivative-distributions Revision_History 11_network-services 14_security 09_unix-services 05_packaging-system 00a_preface 01_the-debian-project 15_debian-packaging 02_case-study 00b_foreword 10_network-infrastructure Book_Info Author_Group 92_short-remedial-course 13_workstation 70_conclusion 99_website 99_backcover 03_existing-setup 06_apt 07_solving-problems 12_advanced-administration | |
| Number of strings | 161,851 | |
| Number of words | 4,261,476 | |
| Number of characters | 33,825,645 | |
| Number of languages | 25 | |
| Number of source strings | 6,475 | |
| Number of source words | 170,460 | |
| Number of source characters | 1,353,033 | |
| Language | Translated | Strings of total | Untranslated | Untranslated words | Checks | Suggestions | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic (Morocco) | 73% | 73% | 1,714 | 61,073 | 1,947 | 3 | Browse | |
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| Chinese (Simplified) | 53% | 53% | 3,025 | 100,011 | 1,080 | 182 | 1 | Browse |
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| Chinese (Traditional) | 45% | 45% | 3,508 | 108,593 | 509 | Browse | ||
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| Croatian | 2% | 2% | 6,322 | 167,508 | 106 | 6 | Browse | |
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| Czech | 22% | 22% | 4,993 | 139,098 | 432 | Browse | ||
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| Danish | 0% | 0% | 6,463 | 170,327 | Browse | |||
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| Dutch | 25% | 25% | 4,853 | 137,512 | 266 | Browse | ||
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| English | 2,529 | 6 | Browse | |||||
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| French | 73% | 73% | 1,689 | 60,356 | 1,850 | Browse | ||
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| German | 73% | 73% | 1,697 | 60,751 | 688 | 6 | 1 | Browse |
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| Greek | 2% | 2% | 6,329 | 168,282 | 97 | 1 | Browse | |
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| Indonesian | 76% | 76% | 1,512 | 52,875 | 496 | Browse | ||
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| Italian | 73% | 73% | 1,697 | 60,751 | 1,180 | Browse | ||
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| Japanese | 76% | 76% | 1,532 | 53,716 | 2,223 | 4 | Browse | |
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| Korean | 3% | 3% | 6,226 | 165,154 | 58 | Browse | ||
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| Norwegian Bokmål | 73% | 73% | 1,698 | 60,752 | 1,277 | Browse | ||
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| Persian | 71% | 71% | 1,859 | 65,638 | 1,423 | 1 | Browse | |
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| Polish | 21% | 21% | 5,074 | 143,958 | 607 | 30 | Browse | |
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| Portuguese (Brazil) | 74% | 74% | 1,672 | 59,703 | 1,038 | Browse | ||
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| Romanian | 1% | 1% | 6,396 | 169,506 | 31 | Browse | ||
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| Russian | 58% | 58% | 2,676 | 76,931 | 806 | 264 | 7 | Browse |
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| Spanish | 73% | 73% | 1,693 | 60,636 | 866 | 2 | Browse | |
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| Swedish | 39% | 39% | 3,896 | 132,985 | 781 | 2 | Browse | |
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| Turkish | 0% | 0% | 6,442 | 170,189 | 16 | Browse | ||
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| Vietnamese | 22% | 22% | 5,024 | 138,916 | 617 | Browse | ||
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andika
None
Using <command>apt</command> is so convenient that it makes it easy to forget about the lower-level tools, but the easiest way of installing a compiled kernel is to use a command such as <command>dpkg -i <replaceable>package</replaceable>.deb</command>, where <literal><replaceable>package</replaceable>.deb</literal> is the name of a <emphasis role="pkg">linux-image</emphasis> package such as <filename>linux-image-4.19.37-falcot_1_amd64.deb</filename>.
使用 <command>apt</command> 极为便利，以致常忘记它是极为低级的工具，但是安装被编译的核心可使用更简单的工具，诸如 <command>dpkg -i <replaceable>package</replaceable>.deb</command>，<literal><replaceable>package</replaceable>.deb</literal> 是 <emphasis role="pkg">linux-image</emphasis> 软件包的名称，例如 <filename>linux-image-4.19.37-ckt4-falcot_1_amd64.deb</filename>。
The symbols table helps developers understand the meaning of a kernel error message; without it, kernel “oopses” (an “oops” is the kernel equivalent of a segmentation fault for user-space programs, in other words messages generated following an invalid pointer dereference) only contain numeric memory addresses, which is useless information without the table mapping these addresses to symbols and function names.
符号表协助开发者了解核心错误消息的意义；少了心，核心 “oopses” (“oops” 是相当于给用户程序的核心区段错误，换句话说，消息加上错误指针) 只有数字内存地址，没有符号表映射该等地址至符号与功能的话，本身是无意义的。
A Debian kernel package installs the kernel image (<filename>vmlinuz-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>), its configuration (<filename>config-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>) and its symbols table (<filename>System.map-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>) in <filename>/boot/</filename>. The modules are installed in the <filename>/lib/modules/<replaceable>version</replaceable>/</filename> directory.
Debian 核心软件包安装核心映像 (<filename>vmlinuz-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>)、其配置 (<filename>config-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>) 与符号表 (<filename>System.map-<replaceable>version</replaceable></filename>) 于 <filename>/boot/</filename> 内。该等模块安装在 <filename>/lib/modules/<replaceable>version</replaceable>/</filename> 文件夹。
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd ~/kernel/linux-source-4.9</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>make clean</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>zcat /usr/src/kernel-patches/diffs/grsecurity2/grsecurity-3.1-4.9.11-201702181444.patch.gz | patch -p1</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>cd ~/kernel/linux-source-4.9</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>make clean</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>zcat /usr/src/kernel-patches/diffs/grsecurity2/grsecurity-3.1-4.9.11-201702181444.patch.gz | patch -p1</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt install dahdi-dkms</userinput>
<computeroutput>
[...]
Setting up xtables-addons-dkms (2.12-0.1) ...
Loading new xtables-addons-2.12 DKMS files...
Building for 4.19.0-5-amd64
Building initial module for 4.19.0-5-amd64
Done.
dahdi_dummy.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
- Original module
- No original module exists within this kernel
- Installation
- Installing to /lib/modules/4.19.0-5-amd64/updates/dkms/
[...]
DKMS: install completed.
$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo dkms status</userinput>
<computeroutput>dahdi, DEB_VERSION, 4.19.0-5-amd64, x86_64: installed
$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo modinfo dahdi_dummy</userinput>
<computeroutput>filename: /lib/modules/4.19.0-5-amd64/updates/dkms/dahdi_dummy.ko
license: GPL v2
author: Robert Pleh <robert.pleh@hermes.si>
description: Timing-Only Driver
[...]
</computeroutput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo apt install dahdi-dkms</userinput>
<computeroutput>
[...]
Setting up xtables-addons-dkms (2.12-0.1) ...
Loading new xtables-addons-2.12 DKMS files...
Building for 4.19.0-5-amd64
Building initial module for 4.19.0-5-amd64
Done.
dahdi_dummy.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
- Original module
- No original module exists within this kernel
- Installation
- Installing to /lib/modules/4.19.0-5-amd64/updates/dkms/
[...]
DKMS: install completed.
$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo dkms status</userinput>
<computeroutput>dahdi, DEB_VERSION, 4.19.0-5-amd64, x86_64: installed
$ </computeroutput><userinput>sudo modinfo dahdi_dummy</userinput>
<computeroutput>filename: /lib/modules/4.19.0-5-amd64/updates/dkms/dahdi_dummy.ko
license: GPL v2
author: Robert Pleh <robert.pleh@hermes.si>
description: Timing-Only Driver
[...]
</computeroutput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>make deb-pkg LOCALVERSION=-falcot KDEB_PKGVERSION=$(make kernelversion)-1
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
$ </computeroutput><userinput>ls ../*.deb
</userinput><computeroutput>../linux-headers-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-image-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-libc-dev_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
</computeroutput>
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
$ </computeroutput><userinput>ls ../*.deb
</userinput><computeroutput>../linux-headers-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-image-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-libc-dev_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
</computeroutput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>make deb-pkg LOCALVERSION=-falcot KDEB_PKGVERSION=$(make kernelversion)-1
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
$ </computeroutput><userinput>ls ../*.deb
</userinput><computeroutput>../linux-headers-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-image-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-libc-dev_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
</computeroutput>
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
$ </computeroutput><userinput>ls ../*.deb
</userinput><computeroutput>../linux-headers-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-image-4.19.37-falcot_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
../linux-libc-dev_4.19.37-1_amd64.deb
</computeroutput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>mkdir ~/kernel; cd ~/kernel</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>tar -xaf /usr/src/linux-source-4.19.tar.xz</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>mkdir ~/kernel; cd ~/kernel</userinput>
<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>tar -xaf /usr/src/linux-source-4.19.tar.xz</userinput>
We assume the <emphasis role="pkg">linux-source-4.19</emphasis> package has been installed. It contains <filename>/usr/src/linux-source-4.19.tar.xz</filename>, a compressed archive of the kernel sources. You must extract these files in a new directory (not directly under <filename>/usr/src/</filename>, since there is no need for special permissions to compile a Linux kernel): <filename>~/kernel/</filename> is appropriate.
假设 <emphasis role="pkg">linux-source-4.19</emphasis> 软件包已安装好了。包括 <filename>/usr/src/linux-source-4.19.tar.xz</filename>，核心源代码的压缩档。在另个文件夹解缩 (不能直接在 <filename>/usr/src/</filename> 之下，因为不需特别的授权就可以重新编译 Linux 核心)：<filename>~/kernel/</filename> 是个不错的选择。
You can stop the firewall executing -> You can stop the firewall by executing
14 hours ago