Summary

Project website debian-handbook.info
Instructions for translators

https://debian-handbook.info/contribute/ Mailing list for translators: <debian-handbook-translators@lists.alioth.debian.org
Project maintainers3 User avatar rhertzogUser avatar pereUser avatar dleidert
Translation license GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
Translation process
  • Translations can be made directly.
  • Translation suggestions can be made.
  • Any authenticated user can contribute.
  • The translation uses bilingual files.
Source code repository https://salsa.debian.org/hertzog/debian-handbook.git
Repository branch bookworm/main
Last remote commit Merge branch 'patch-2' into 'bookworm/main' bfac5350
User avatar dleidert authored 01/27/2026
Last commit in Weblate es-ES: Translated using Weblate. 15375af6
User avatar eulalio authored 06/09/2026
Weblate repository https://hosted.weblate.org/git/debian-handbook/12_advanced-administration/
File mask */92_short-remedial-course.po
Translation file Download pl-PL/92_short-remedial-course.po
Last change Aug. 9, 2025, 8:07 p.m.
Last change made by None
Language Polish
Language code pl
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-sensitive
Number of speakers 41,500,500
Number of plurals 3
Plural type One/few/many
Plurals One 1
Few 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 42, …
Many 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, …
Plural formula (n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2)
06/13/2026

String statistics

Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 250 6,347 49,760
Translated 10% 25 6% 405 6% 3,224
Needs editing 12% 32 3% 252 7% 3,785
Read-only 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Failing checks 16% 40 9% 604 13% 6,884
Strings with suggestions 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Untranslated strings 77% 193 89% 5,690 85% 42,751
Last 12 months Previous

Activity in last 12 months

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Quick numbers

6,347
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250
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10%
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6
Contributors
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Trends of last 30 days

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User avatar dleidert

Resource updated
Parsing of the “pl-PL/92_short-remedial-course.po” file was enforced. 08/09/2025
User avatar None

Resource updated
The “pl-PL/92_short-remedial-course.po” file was changed. 04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository
There are many filesystem formats, corresponding to many ways of physically storing data on disks. The most widely known are <emphasis>ext3</emphasis> and <emphasis>ext4</emphasis>, but others exist. For instance, <emphasis>vfat</emphasis> is the system that was historically used by DOS and Windows operating systems, which allows using hard disks under Debian as well as under Windows. In any case, a filesystem must be prepared on a disk before it can be mounted and this operation is known as “formatting”. Commands such as <command>mkfs.ext4</command> (where <command>mkfs</command> stands for <emphasis>MaKe FileSystem</emphasis>) handle formatting. These commands require, as a parameter, a device file representing the partition to be formatted (for instance, <filename>/dev/sda1</filename>). This operation is destructive and should only be run once, except if one deliberately wishes to wipe a filesystem and start afresh.
 
04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository
Applications often access devices by way of special files created within <filename>/dev/</filename> (see sidebar <xref linkend="sidebar.special-files" />). These are special files that represent disk drives (for instance, <filename>/dev/hda</filename> and <filename>/dev/sdc</filename>), <filename>/dev/nvme1n1</filename> partitions (<filename>/dev/hda1</filename> or <filename>/dev/sdc3</filename> or <filename>/dev/nvme1n1p2</filename>), mice (<filename>/dev/input/mouse0</filename>), keyboards (<filename>/dev/input/event0</filename>), soundcards (<filename>/dev/snd/*</filename>), serial ports (<filename>/dev/ttyS*</filename>), and so on.
 
04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository

<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>lspci
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Root Complex
00:00.2 IOMMU: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse IOMMU
00:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:01.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse GPP Bridge
00:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
[..]
02:09.0 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 43ea
05:00.0 PCI bridge: ASPEED Technology, Inc. AST1150 PCI-to-PCI Bridge (rev 04)
06:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ASPEED Technology, Inc. ASPEED Graphics Family (rev 41)
07:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
08:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller PM9A1/PM9A3/980PRO
09:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller PM9A1/PM9A3/980PRO
0a:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Function
0b:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Reserved SPP
0b:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Cryptographic Coprocessor PSPCPP
0b:00.3 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse USB 3.0 Host Controller
$ </computeroutput><userinput>lsusb
</userinput><computeroutput>Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05e3:0610 Genesys Logic, Inc. Hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 048d:c102 Integrated Technology Express, Inc. ITE Device(8910)
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 5986:115f Bison Electronics Inc. Integrated Camera
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 048d:c975 Integrated Technology Express, Inc. ITE Device(8295)
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 8087:0026 Intel Corp. AX201 Bluetooth
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 05e3:0620 Genesys Logic, Inc. GL3523 Hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
</computeroutput>
 
04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository
Let us start with a basic reminder that a computer is, first and foremost, a set of hardware elements. There is generally a main board (known as the <emphasis>motherboard</emphasis>), with one (or more) processor(s), some RAM, device controllers, and extension slots for option boards (for other device controllers). Most noteworthy among these controllers are IDE (Parallel ATA), SCSI, and Serial ATA, for connecting to storage devices such as hard disks. Other controllers include USB, which is able to host a great variety of devices (ranging from webcams to thermometers, from keyboards to home automation systems) and IEEE 1394 (Firewire). These controllers often allow connecting several devices so the complete subsystem handled by a controller is therefore usually known as a “bus”. Option boards include graphics cards (into which monitor screens will be plugged), sound cards, network interface cards, and so on. Some main boards are pre-built with these features, and don't need option boards.
 
04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository
These configuration files stored directly in a user's home directory, often collectively referred to as <emphasis>dotfiles</emphasis>, have long proliferated to the point that these directories can be quite cluttered with them. Fortunately, an effort led collectively under the FreeDesktop.org umbrella has resulted in the “XDG Base Directory Specification”, a convention that aims at cleaning up these files and directories. This specification states that configuration files should be stored under <filename>~/.config/</filename>, cache files under <filename>~/.cache/</filename>, and application data files under <filename>~/.local/</filename> (or subdirectories thereof). This convention has been gaining traction, and many applications (especially graphical ones) are following it.
 
04/22/2025
User avatar None

String added in the repository
A command-line environment can be run from the graphical desktop, by an application known as a “terminal”. In GNOME, you can start it from the “Activities” overview (that you get when you move the mouse in the top-left corner of the screen) by typing the first letters of the application name. In Plasma (and many other desktop variants), you will find it in the applications menu <menuchoice><guisubmenu>Applications</guisubmenu> <guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu></menuchoice>.
Środowisko linii poleceń w trybie graficznym można uruchomić za pomocą aplikacji o nazwie ”terminal”. W środowisku GNOME terminal można uruchomić z przeglądu ”Aktywności” (który można otrzymać po przesunięciu kursora myszy do lewego, górnego rogu ekranu), wpisujac pierwsze litery nazwy tej aplikacji. W KDE terminal można znaleźć w: <menuchoice><guimenu>K</guimenu><guisubmenu>Aplikacje</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>menu System</guisubmenu></menuchoice>.
04/22/2025
User avatar None

Source string changed
A command-line environment can be run from the graphical desktop, by an application known as a “terminal”. In GNOME, you can start it from the “Activities” overview (that you get when you move the mouse in the top-left corner of the screen) by typing the first letters of the application name. In KDE, you will find it in the <menuchoice><guimenu>K</guimenu> Plasma (and many other desktop variants), you will find it in the applications menu <menuchoice><guisubmenu>Applications</guisubmenu> <guisubmenu>System</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu.
04/22/2025
User avatar None

Resource updated
Parsing of the “pl-PL/92_short-remedial-course.po” file was enforced. 04/21/2025
Browse all translation changes