All translations have been updated for the Debian Bookworm version of the Debian Administrator's Handbook. Due to Debian Trixie being released soon, we hope to release the Trixie version of the book soon as well. Thus, there might only be a brief period to translate the Bookworm version of the book this time. We thank everybody who has contributed so far and hope that you continue your great work.

Overview

Project website debian-handbook.info
Instructions for translators

https://debian-handbook.info/contribute/ Mailing list for translators: <debian-handbook-translators@lists.alioth.debian.org
Project maintainers User avatar rhertzogUser avatar pereUser avatar dleidert
Translation license GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
Translation process
  • Translations can be made directly.
  • Translation suggestions can be made.
  • Any authenticated user can contribute.
  • The translation uses bilingual files.
Source code repository https://salsa.debian.org/hertzog/debian-handbook.git
Repository branch bookworm/main
Last remote commit Update PO files c274c239
User avatar dleidert authored yesterday
Last commit in Weblate sv-SE: Translated using Weblate. e847ba88
User avatar hanklank authored 7 hours ago
Weblate repository https://hosted.weblate.org/git/debian-handbook/12_advanced-administration/
File mask */14_security.po
Translation file Download pl-PL/14_security.po
Last change April 22, 2025, 2:07 a.m.
Last change made by None
Language Polish
Language code pl
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-sensitive
Number of speakers 41,500,500
Number of plurals 3
Plural type One/few/many
Plurals One 1
Few 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 42, …
Many 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, …
Plural formula (n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2)
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String statistics

Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 567 16,138 128,724
Translated 4% 27 3% 491 2% 3,244
Needs editing 16% 95 1% 233 5% 6,982
Read-only 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Failing checks 8% 49 1% 178 3% 4,593
Strings with suggestions 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Untranslated strings 78% 445 95% 15,414 92% 118,498
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Resource updated
The “pl-PL/14_security.po” file was changed. yesterday
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comparing the system to the last known uncompromised backup can quickly reveal the changes left by the attacker, e.g. files added, changed, or deleted;
 
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Once the “dynamic” elements have been saved, the next step is to store a complete image of the hard-disk. Making such an image is impossible if the filesystem is still evolving, which is why it must be remounted read-only. The simplest solution is often to halt the server brutally (after running <command>sync</command>) and reboot it on a rescue CD. Each partition should be copied with a tool such as <command>dd</command>; these images can be sent to another server (possibly with the very convenient <command>nc</command> tool). Another possibility may be even simpler: just get the disk out of the machine and replace it with a new one that can be reformatted and reinstalled. Most server providers offer a so-called rescue-console that essentially provides the same functionality as a rescue CD.
 
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This may only be possible if the server is physically accessible. When the server is hosted in a hosting provider's data center halfway across the country, or if the server is not accessible for any other reason, it is usually a good idea to start by gathering some important information (see <xref linkend="sect.keeping-everything-that-could-be-used-as-evidence" />, <xref linkend="sect.forensic-analysis" /> and <xref linkend="sect.reconstituting-the-attack-scenario" />), then isolating that server as much as possible by shutting down as many services as possible (usually, everything but <command>sshd</command>). This case is still awkward, since one can't rule out the possibility of the attacker having SSH access like the administrator has; this makes it harder to “clean” the machines. If possible, and if the provider supports it, the server can be put offline and accessed through the providers KVM/IPMI interface or their rescue console. If the affected machine is a virtual machine, a snapshot should be taken immediately to secure evidence.
 
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a program that utilizes all CPU cores or memory;
 
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a command that suddenly shows errors like segmentation faults;
 
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Another very common scenario nowadays is a ransomware attack. The attackers will encrypt the data on the machine and leave a note with instructions how to pay ransom to get the key to decrypt the data. Of course, it is not for certain that even after paying, the data can be recovered or be sure it hasn't been stolen (and sold) as well.
 
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The consequences of an intrusion will have various levels of obviousness depending on the motivations of the attacker. “Script-kiddies“ only apply recipes they find on web sites; most often, they deface a web page or delete data. In more subtle cases, they add invisible contents to web pages so as to improve referrals to their own sites in search engines. In others, they simply install crypto-miners and use the compromised system to fill their crypto wallets.
 
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<command>aa-genprof</command> detected that this permission was also granted by multiple “abstractions” and offers them as alternative choices. An abstraction provides a reusable set of access rules grouping together multiple resources that are commonly used together. In this specific case, we opted for selection “2” to first select the “#include &lt;abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/plugins-common&gt;” choice and then “A” to allow it.
 
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Here the program seeks read and write permissions to write the lease into <filename>/var/lib/dhcp/dhclient.leases</filename>.
 
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