| Component | Translated | Unfinished | Unfinished words | Unfinished characters | Untranslated | Checks | Suggestions | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glossary Trail Sense MIT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Trail Sense Android MIT | 99% | 9 | 29 | 147 | 9 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
| Trail Sense Store Metadata MIT | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | |
| Trail Sense User Guide MIT | 97% | 2 | 3,512 | 21,014 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Overview
| Project website | kylecorry.com/Trail-Sense | |
|---|---|---|
| Instructions for translators | ||
| Project maintainers |
 kylecorry31
|
|
| Language | Tamil | |
| Language code | ta | |
| Text direction | Left to right | |
| Case sensitivity | Case-insensitive | |
| Number of speakers | 90,546,065 | |
3 hours ago
String statistics
| Strings percent | Hosted strings | Words percent | Hosted words | Characters percent | Hosted characters | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,662 | 55,462 | 330,298 | |||
| Translated | 99% | 1,651 | 93% | 51,921 | 93% | 309,137 |
| Needs editing | 1% | 2 | 6% | 3,512 | 6% | 21,014 |
| Read-only | 14% | 234 | 1% | 370 | 2% | 6,662 |
| Failing checks | 3% | 55 | 12% | 7,085 | 12% | 42,921 |
| Strings with suggestions | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 |
| Untranslated strings | 1% | 9 | 1% | 29 | 1% | 147 |
Quick numbers
and previous 30 days
Trends of last 30 days
+100%
Hosted words
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+100%
Hosted strings
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+99%
Translated
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+100%
Contributors
—
 None
Resource updated |
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None
String updated in the repository |
<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. ### Sun **Shadow tip method** 1. Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. 2. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip. 3. Draw a line between the two points for an East-West line. West will be in the direction of the first point. 4. Draw a line at a right angle to the East-West line. South (or North in the Southern hemisphere) will point toward the sun.  **Watch method** Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle.
<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This பாடங்கள் மறையம் வானோடல் techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how பெறுநர் navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how பெறுநர் do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - கணம் declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how பெறுநர் do the following: - Use a உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device க்கு navigation. - Utilize மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill நிலை and fitness. Use the contour வரிகள் on a map பெறுநர் gauge the பரப்புக்கூறு difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way பெறுநர் உதவி you stay on track. - Plan க்கு rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - பங்கு your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need பெறுநர் detour, mark your புதிய route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt பெறுநர் the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you அரே lost, staying put and waiting க்கு rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced வீச்சலகு your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when இறங்கு பெறுநர் protect your joints. - Take breaks பெறுநர் rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் resources like water but can also get you lost. ### பரப்புக்கூறு considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone பெறுநர் avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate பெறுநர் high altitudes பெறுநர் avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis க்கு easier travel in snowy conditions. தேர்வு ice and பனி conditions with a முனைமம் or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing பெறுநர் reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare க்கு the drastic temperature shifts between நாள் and night. - Protect மின்னணு devices இருந்து extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick பெறுநர் the shadows பெறுநர் avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the இடர் of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder பெறுநர் கண்டுபிடி you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it பெறுநர் conserve energy. - குவி on distant landmarks rather than near objects பெறுநர் maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing பெறுநர் avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly பெறுநர் avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp பெறுநர் illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully பெறுநர் avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails பெறுநர் reduce the இடர் of getting lost. - Listen க்கு sounds that can உதவி you identify your surroundings, such அச் running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need பெறுநர் cross: - Look க்கு the narrowest பகுதி or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out க்கு slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you பெறுநர் avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers உதவி you பெறுநர் stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail இருந்து another. Many ways அரே used பெறுநர் mark trails, but there is இல்லை universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes அரே painted குறியிடுகள் on trees or rocks. Typically, they அரே rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In பெரும்பாலானவை places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or வடிவம் of blaze. Some blazes சி-வைகாசி also indicate the trail's direction, but this சி-வைகாசி not இடு everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the left**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the left 2. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the right**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the right 3. **One blaze**: தொடரவும் straight If a trail is new, it சி-வைகாசி have small நெகிழி strips or flags tied பெறுநர் a tree instead of a blaze. While not எப்போதும் true, the color and/or வடிவம் of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that வெள்ளை blazes அரே typically கருப்பு on a map. ### Cairns Cairns அரே piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees பெறுநர் blaze. Cairns அரே usually placed on the பக்கம் of the trail, and you should be able பெறுநர் see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns சி-வைகாசி be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard பெறுநர் locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide செய்தி பற்றி which trail you அரே on, distance/direction பெறுநர் பிரிவகம் of interest, or offer பொது information/alerts. எப்போதும் read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris அரே intentionally placed in front of a பாதை பெறுநர் indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific point, but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific புள்ளியம் but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு uses satellites பெறுநர் determine your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் location. Ensure the device has a clear பார்வை of the sky so it receives signals. பெரும்பாலானவை உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு units காட்சி your coordinates in அகலாங்கு and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A பாதைப்புள்ளி is a specific location you want பெறுநர் navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு பெறுநர் guide you பெறுநர் your destination. பெரும்பாலானவை devices allow you பெறுநர் enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also கூட்டு them அச் you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps கருவிகள் பெறுநர் assist with navigation. ### Battery Your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device சி-வைகாசி ஓடு out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable மின்னூட்டி பெறுநர் keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு supports digital maps, பதிவிறக்கம் maps of your area in முன்பணம் பெறுநர் navigate இரட்டை if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure பெறுநர் கணம் the same declination அச் your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential க்கு navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel பெறுநர் reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it பெறுநர் your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance பெறுநர் navigate toward, avoiding the need க்கு மாறா, மாறிலி compass checks. ### பின் bearings A பின் bearing is the opposite direction of your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் bearing. பெறுநர் calculate a பின் bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, கூட்டு 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the வேறுபாடு between true வடக்கு and காந்தம் north. Adjust your compass க்கு declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. பெரும்பாலானவை maps பட்டியல் declination in the legend and அரே oriented பெறுநர் true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map பெறுநர் navigate once you learn how பெறுநர் read it. Be sure it is மேலே பெறுநர் date. --> A map is a key கருவி க்கு navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the மேலே of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass பிரிவகம் north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you and match them பெறுநர் the map. Use a compass பெறுநர் determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing பெறுநர் each feature using your compass. 4. Draw வரிகள் இருந்து each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The புள்ளியம் where the வரிகள் intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps அரே drawn பெறுநர் scale, allowing you பெறுநர் determine distances between points. A மதுக்கூடம் on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps காட்டு உயர்வு கோடு changes and பரப்புக்கூறு features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour வரிகள் indicate elevation; the closer the வரிகள் are, the steeper the terrain. உயர்வு கோடு markers on contour வரிகள் உதவி identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made நற்பொருத்தங்கள் like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, தெற்கு cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars பெறுநர் determine direction. If you need this, it's best பெறுநர் stay where you அரே and wait க்கு help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the புதிய position of the shadow tip and draw a வரி between the two பிரிவகம் க்கு an east-west line. வடக்கு will be செங்குத்து, செங்குத்தான பெறுநர் this வரி at midday.  - **Watch method**: புள்ளியம் the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; தெற்கு is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the வடக்கு Hemisphere. In the தெற்கு Hemisphere, புள்ளியம் the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the வடக்கு Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia அச் குறிப்பு points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the தெற்கு Cross பெறுநர் determine south. Extend a வரி இருந்து the மேலே and கீழே stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing பற்றி 4.5 பெருக்கல் the distance between these stars toward the horizon பெறுநர் approximate the தெற்கு Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the பின் of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align பெறுநர் the north-south axis. Ensure இல்லை currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. ### Sun 1. Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. 2. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip 3. Draw a line between the two points for an 4. Draw a line at a right angle to the East-West line. South (or North in the Southern hemisphere) will point toward the sun.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip and draw a line between the two points for an east-west line. North will be perpendicular to this line at midday.  - **Watch method**: Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle.
<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This பாடங்கள் மறையம் வானோடல் techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how பெறுநர் navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how பெறுநர் do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - கணம் declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how பெறுநர் do the following: - Use a உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device க்கு navigation. - Utilize மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill நிலை and fitness. Use the contour வரிகள் on a map பெறுநர் gauge the பரப்புக்கூறு difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way பெறுநர் உதவி you stay on track. - Plan க்கு rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - பங்கு your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need பெறுநர் detour, mark your புதிய route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt பெறுநர் the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you அரே lost, staying put and waiting க்கு rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced வீச்சலகு your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when இறங்கு பெறுநர் protect your joints. - Take breaks பெறுநர் rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் resources like water but can also get you lost. ### பரப்புக்கூறு considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone பெறுநர் avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate பெறுநர் high altitudes பெறுநர் avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis க்கு easier travel in snowy conditions. தேர்வு ice and பனி conditions with a முனைமம் or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing பெறுநர் reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare க்கு the drastic temperature shifts between நாள் and night. - Protect மின்னணு devices இருந்து extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick பெறுநர் the shadows பெறுநர் avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the இடர் of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder பெறுநர் கண்டுபிடி you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it பெறுநர் conserve energy. - குவி on distant landmarks rather than near objects பெறுநர் maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing பெறுநர் avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly பெறுநர் avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp பெறுநர் illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully பெறுநர் avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails பெறுநர் reduce the இடர் of getting lost. - Listen க்கு sounds that can உதவி you identify your surroundings, such அச் running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need பெறுநர் cross: - Look க்கு the narrowest பகுதி or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out க்கு slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you பெறுநர் avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers உதவி you பெறுநர் stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail இருந்து another. Many ways அரே used பெறுநர் mark trails, but there is இல்லை universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes அரே painted குறியிடுகள் on trees or rocks. Typically, they அரே rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In பெரும்பாலானவை places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or வடிவம் of blaze. Some blazes சி-வைகாசி also indicate the trail's direction, but this சி-வைகாசி not இடு everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the left**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the left 2. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the right**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the right 3. **One blaze**: தொடரவும் straight If a trail is new, it சி-வைகாசி have small நெகிழி strips or flags tied பெறுநர் a tree instead of a blaze. While not எப்போதும் true, the color and/or வடிவம் of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that வெள்ளை blazes அரே typically கருப்பு on a map. ### Cairns Cairns அரே piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees பெறுநர் blaze. Cairns அரே usually placed on the பக்கம் of the trail, and you should be able பெறுநர் see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns சி-வைகாசி be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard பெறுநர் locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide செய்தி பற்றி which trail you அரே on, distance/direction பெறுநர் பிரிவகம் of interest, or offer பொது information/alerts. எப்போதும் read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris அரே intentionally placed in front of a பாதை பெறுநர் indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific point, but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific புள்ளியம் but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு uses satellites பெறுநர் determine your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் location. Ensure the device has a clear பார்வை of the sky so it receives signals. பெரும்பாலானவை உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு units காட்சி your coordinates in அகலாங்கு and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A பாதைப்புள்ளி is a specific location you want பெறுநர் navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு பெறுநர் guide you பெறுநர் your destination. பெரும்பாலானவை devices allow you பெறுநர் enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also கூட்டு them அச் you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps கருவிகள் பெறுநர் assist with navigation. ### Battery Your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device சி-வைகாசி ஓடு out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable மின்னூட்டி பெறுநர் keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு supports digital maps, பதிவிறக்கம் maps of your area in முன்பணம் பெறுநர் navigate இரட்டை if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure பெறுநர் கணம் the same declination அச் your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential க்கு navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel பெறுநர் reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it பெறுநர் your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance பெறுநர் navigate toward, avoiding the need க்கு மாறா, மாறிலி compass checks. ### பின் bearings A பின் bearing is the opposite direction of your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் bearing. பெறுநர் calculate a பின் bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, கூட்டு 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the வேறுபாடு between true வடக்கு and காந்தம் north. Adjust your compass க்கு declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. பெரும்பாலானவை maps பட்டியல் declination in the legend and அரே oriented பெறுநர் true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map பெறுநர் navigate once you learn how பெறுநர் read it. Be sure it is மேலே பெறுநர் date. --> A map is a key கருவி க்கு navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the மேலே of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass பிரிவகம் north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you and match them பெறுநர் the map. Use a compass பெறுநர் determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing பெறுநர் each feature using your compass. 4. Draw வரிகள் இருந்து each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The புள்ளியம் where the வரிகள் intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps அரே drawn பெறுநர் scale, allowing you பெறுநர் determine distances between points. A மதுக்கூடம் on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps காட்டு உயர்வு கோடு changes and பரப்புக்கூறு features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour வரிகள் indicate elevation; the closer the வரிகள் are, the steeper the terrain. உயர்வு கோடு markers on contour வரிகள் உதவி identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made நற்பொருத்தங்கள் like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, தெற்கு cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars பெறுநர் determine direction. If you need this, it's best பெறுநர் stay where you அரே and wait க்கு help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the புதிய position of the shadow tip and draw a வரி between the two பிரிவகம் க்கு an east-west line. வடக்கு will be செங்குத்து, செங்குத்தான பெறுநர் this வரி at midday.  - **Watch method**: புள்ளியம் the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; தெற்கு is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the வடக்கு Hemisphere. In the தெற்கு Hemisphere, புள்ளியம் the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the வடக்கு Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia அச் குறிப்பு points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the தெற்கு Cross பெறுநர் determine south. Extend a வரி இருந்து the மேலே and கீழே stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing பற்றி 4.5 பெருக்கல் the distance between these stars toward the horizon பெறுநர் approximate the தெற்கு Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the பின் of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align பெறுநர் the north-south axis. Ensure இல்லை currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip and draw a line between the two points for an east-west line. North will be perpendicular to this line at midday.  - **Watch method**: Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole. . Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip and draw a line between the two points for an east-west line. North will be perpendicular to this line at midday.  - **Watch method**: Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle.
<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This பாடங்கள் மறையம் வானோடல் techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how பெறுநர் navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how பெறுநர் do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - கணம் declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how பெறுநர் do the following: - Use a உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device க்கு navigation. - Utilize மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route பெறுநர் avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill நிலை and fitness. Use the contour வரிகள் on a map பெறுநர் gauge the பரப்புக்கூறு difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way பெறுநர் உதவி you stay on track. - Plan க்கு rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - பங்கு your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need பெறுநர் detour, mark your புதிய route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt பெறுநர் the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you அரே lost, staying put and waiting க்கு rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced வீச்சலகு your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when இறங்கு பெறுநர் protect your joints. - Take breaks பெறுநர் rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் resources like water but can also get you lost. ### பரப்புக்கூறு considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone பெறுநர் avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate பெறுநர் high altitudes பெறுநர் avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis க்கு easier travel in snowy conditions. தேர்வு ice and பனி conditions with a முனைமம் or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing பெறுநர் reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare க்கு the drastic temperature shifts between நாள் and night. - Protect மின்னணு devices இருந்து extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick பெறுநர் the shadows பெறுநர் avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the இடர் of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder பெறுநர் கண்டுபிடி you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it பெறுநர் conserve energy. - குவி on distant landmarks rather than near objects பெறுநர் maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing பெறுநர் avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly பெறுநர் avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp பெறுநர் illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully பெறுநர் avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails பெறுநர் reduce the இடர் of getting lost. - Listen க்கு sounds that can உதவி you identify your surroundings, such அச் running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need பெறுநர் cross: - Look க்கு the narrowest பகுதி or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out க்கு slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you பெறுநர் avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream சி-வைகாசி ஈயம் பெறுநர் civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers உதவி you பெறுநர் stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail இருந்து another. Many ways அரே used பெறுநர் mark trails, but there is இல்லை universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes அரே painted குறியிடுகள் on trees or rocks. Typically, they அரே rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In பெரும்பாலானவை places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or வடிவம் of blaze. Some blazes சி-வைகாசி also indicate the trail's direction, but this சி-வைகாசி not இடு everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the left**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the left 2. **Two blazes, மேலே blaze பெறுநர் the right**: தொடரவும் பெறுநர் the right 3. **One blaze**: தொடரவும் straight If a trail is new, it சி-வைகாசி have small நெகிழி strips or flags tied பெறுநர் a tree instead of a blaze. While not எப்போதும் true, the color and/or வடிவம் of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that வெள்ளை blazes அரே typically கருப்பு on a map. ### Cairns Cairns அரே piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees பெறுநர் blaze. Cairns அரே usually placed on the பக்கம் of the trail, and you should be able பெறுநர் see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns சி-வைகாசி be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard பெறுநர் locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide செய்தி பற்றி which trail you அரே on, distance/direction பெறுநர் பிரிவகம் of interest, or offer பொது information/alerts. எப்போதும் read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris அரே intentionally placed in front of a பாதை பெறுநர் indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific point, but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device can உதவி you determine your location and navigate பெறுநர் a specific புள்ளியம் but எப்போதும் have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு uses satellites பெறுநர் determine your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் location. Ensure the device has a clear பார்வை of the sky so it receives signals. பெரும்பாலானவை உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு units காட்சி your coordinates in அகலாங்கு and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A பாதைப்புள்ளி is a specific location you want பெறுநர் navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு பெறுநர் guide you பெறுநர் your destination. பெரும்பாலானவை devices allow you பெறுநர் enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also கூட்டு them அச் you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps கருவிகள் பெறுநர் assist with navigation. ### Battery Your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு device சி-வைகாசி ஓடு out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable மின்னூட்டி பெறுநர் keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your உலக இடம் காட்டும் அமைப்பு supports digital maps, பதிவிறக்கம் maps of your area in முன்பணம் பெறுநர் navigate இரட்டை if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure பெறுநர் கணம் the same declination அச் your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential க்கு navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel பெறுநர் reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it பெறுநர் your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance பெறுநர் navigate toward, avoiding the need க்கு மாறா, மாறிலி compass checks. ### பின் bearings A பின் bearing is the opposite direction of your மின்னோட்ட்ம், ஓட்டம் bearing. பெறுநர் calculate a பின் bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, கூட்டு 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the வேறுபாடு between true வடக்கு and காந்தம் north. Adjust your compass க்கு declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. பெரும்பாலானவை maps பட்டியல் declination in the legend and அரே oriented பெறுநர் true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map பெறுநர் navigate once you learn how பெறுநர் read it. Be sure it is மேலே பெறுநர் date. --> A map is a key கருவி க்கு navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the மேலே of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass பிரிவகம் north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you and match them பெறுநர் the map. Use a compass பெறுநர் determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map பெறுநர் புள்ளியம் வடக்கு using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent நற்பொருத்தங்கள் around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing பெறுநர் each feature using your compass. 4. Draw வரிகள் இருந்து each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The புள்ளியம் where the வரிகள் intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps அரே drawn பெறுநர் scale, allowing you பெறுநர் determine distances between points. A மதுக்கூடம் on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps காட்டு உயர்வு கோடு changes and பரப்புக்கூறு features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour வரிகள் indicate elevation; the closer the வரிகள் are, the steeper the terrain. உயர்வு கோடு markers on contour வரிகள் உதவி identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made நற்பொருத்தங்கள் like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## மேம்பட்ட வானோடல் techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, தெற்கு cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars பெறுநர் determine direction. If you need this, it's best பெறுநர் stay where you அரே and wait க்கு help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the புதிய position of the shadow tip and draw a வரி between the two பிரிவகம் க்கு an east-west line. வடக்கு will be செங்குத்து, செங்குத்தான பெறுநர் this வரி at midday.  - **Watch method**: புள்ளியம் the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; தெற்கு is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the வடக்கு Hemisphere. In the தெற்கு Hemisphere, புள்ளியம் the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the வடக்கு Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia அச் குறிப்பு points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  - **Southern Hemisphere**: Use the தெற்கு Cross பெறுநர் determine south. Extend a வரி இருந்து the மேலே and கீழே stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing பற்றி 4.5 பெருக்கல் the distance between these stars toward the horizon பெறுநர் approximate the தெற்கு Pole.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the பின் of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align பெறுநர் the north-south axis. Ensure இல்லை currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. --> This chapter covers navigation techniques and tools. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps --> <!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. --> ### Gear **Necessities**: - Map - Compass - Flashlight/headlamp **Optional**: - GPS device ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Navigate with a map and compass. - Plan a route. - Set declination on a compass. - Determine your location on a map. - Measure distances on a map. - Read a topographic map. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Use a GPS device for navigation. - Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars. - Take a detour. ## Route planning <!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour --> <!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. --> Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. Consider the following factors when planning your route: - Choose a route that matches your skill level and fitness. Use the contour lines on a map to gauge the terrain difficulty. - Identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. - Plan for rest stops and water sources. - Identify alternative routes in case of obstacles or emergencies. - Share your route with someone who can alert authorities if you don't return on time. - If you need to detour, mark your new route on the map and adjust your bearings accordingly. ## Movement <!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross --> <!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. --> - If you are lost, staying put and waiting for rescue is typically best. - Keep your body weight balanced over your feet. - Use zigzag paths on steep slopes and maintain a bend in your knees when descending to protect your joints. - Take breaks to rest and rehydrate. - Be cautious of animal trails, which may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost. ### Terrain considerations **Mountainous/cold**: - Avoid areas prone to avalanches and be cautious when crossing snow-covered slopes. - Acclimate to high altitudes to avoid symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue. - Use snowshoes or skis for easier travel in snowy conditions. Test ice and snow conditions with a pole or stick before stepping. - Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. **Desert**: - Conserve water by traveling during cooler hours and wearing appropriate clothing to reduce sweating. - Avoid salt marshes. - Prepare for the drastic temperature shifts between day and night. - Protect electronic devices from extreme heat and direct sunlight. - Stick to the shadows to avoid direct sun exposure and reduce the risk of heat exhaustion. - Distance can be deceiving in the desert (paths often look shorter than they are); plan your route carefully and carry enough water and supplies. **Jungle**: - It will be harder to find you under a dense canopy. - Move with the vegetation rather than fighting against it to conserve energy. - Focus on distant landmarks rather than near objects to maintain direction. - Wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings. - Treat any wounds and scratches promptly to avoid infection. **Night**: - Use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path. - Move slowly and carefully to avoid tripping or getting lost. - Stay on established paths or trails to reduce the risk of getting lost. - Listen for sounds that can help you identify your surroundings, such as running water or roadways. **Rivers and streams**: - If you need to cross: - Look for the narrowest part or a place where it breaks into several channels. - Prefer crossing on bridges, fallen trees, or rocks. Watch out for slippery or loose surfaces. - Do not cross areas with strong currents or near ledges. - Unbuckle your pack and carry it in front of you to avoid being pulled under by its weight. - In dire situations, following a river downstream may lead to civilization. ## Trail markers <!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag --> <!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. --> Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard. ### Blazes Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze. Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.  1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left 2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right 3. **One blaze**: Continue straight If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze. While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. ### Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate. ### Signs Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs. ### Blockers In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used. ## GPS <!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps --> <!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. --> A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. ### Location A GPS uses satellites to determine your current location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it receives signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map. ### Waypoints A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary. If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation. ### Battery Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered. ### Digital maps If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal. ## Compass <!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft --> <!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. --> A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map. ### Bearings A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks. ### Back bearings A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing, if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180. ### Declination Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north. ## Map <!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate --> <!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. --> A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass. ### Orientation You can orient a map to point north using a compass: 1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map. 2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.  ### Determining location To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly. To triangulate your location: 1. Orient the map to point north using your compass. 2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map. 3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass. 4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map. 5. The point where the lines intersect is your location. ### Scale Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.  ### Topographic maps Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.  Typical map colors include: - **Black**: Human-made features like buildings and bridges. - **Red**: Roads. - **Green**: Vegetation. - **White**: Lack of vegetation. - **Brown**: Contour lines. - **Blue**: Water. ## Advanced navigation techniques <!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique --> <!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. --> ### Sun - **Shadow tip method**: Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip and draw a line between the two points for an east-west line. North will be perpendicular to this line at midday.  - **Watch method**: Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.  ### Stars - **Northern Hemisphere**: Identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper's handle.  ## Craft: Compass <!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft --> <!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. --> **Resources** - Needle - Knife - Leaf or bottle cap - Water **Instructions** 1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times. 2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle. |
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