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<p>References and links are provided in the section of methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level.</p>
<p><strong>Annex 1 Ramsar Wetland Classification</strong></p>
<p>The codes are based upon the Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Types, as approved by the Conference of the Contracting Parties in Recommendation 4.7 and amended by Resolutions VI.5 and VII.11. </p>
<p>To assist in identification of the correct Wetland Types, the Secretariat has provided below tabulations of some of the characteristics of each Wetland Type, for Marine/Coastal Wetlands and Inland Wetlands. </p>
<p><strong>Marine/Coastal Wetlands</strong></p>
<p>A -- <strong>Permanent shallow marine waters</strong> in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits.</p>
<p>B -- <strong>Marine subtidal aquatic beds</strong>; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows.</p>
<p>C -- <strong>Coral reefs</strong>.</p>
<p>D -- <strong>Rocky marine shores</strong>; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs.</p>
<p>E -- <strong>Sand, shingle or pebble shores</strong>; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks.</p>
<p>F -- <strong>Estuarine waters</strong>; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.</p>
<p>G -- <strong>Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats</strong>.</p>
<p>H -- <strong>Intertidal marshes</strong>; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.</p>
<p>I -- <strong>Intertidal forested wetlands</strong>; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. </p>
<p>J -- <strong>Coastal brackish/saline lagoons</strong>; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea.</p>
<p>K -- <strong>Coastal freshwater lagoons</strong>; includes freshwater delta lagoons.</p>
<p>Zk(a) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, marine/coastal</p>
<p><strong>Table 2: Tabulations of Wetland Type characteristics, Marine / Coastal Wetlands:</strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Saline water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 6 m deep</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>A</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Underwater vegetation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>B</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Coral reefs</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Shores</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rocky</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>D</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Sand, shingle or pebble</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>E</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Saline or brackish water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Intertidal</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Flats (mud, sand or salt)</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>G</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Marshes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>H</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>I</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagoons</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Estuarine waters</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Saline, brackish or fresh water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Subterranean</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(a)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Fresh water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagoons</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Inland Wetlands</strong></p>
<p>L -- <strong>Permanent inland deltas</strong>.</p>
<p>M -- <strong>Permanent rivers/streams/creeks</strong>; includes waterfalls.</p>
<p>N -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks</strong>.</p>
<p>O -- <strong>Permanent freshwater lakes</strong> (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes.</p>
<p>P -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes</strong> (over 8 ha); includes floodplain lakes.</p>
<p>Q -- <strong>Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes</strong>.</p>
<p>R -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats</strong>.</p>
<p>Sp -- <strong>Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools</strong>.</p>
<p>Ss -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools</strong>. </p>
<p>Tp -- <strong>Permanent freshwater marshes/pools</strong>; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season.</p>
<p>Ts -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soils</strong>; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.</p>
<p>U -- <strong>Non-forested peatlands</strong>; includes shrub or open bogs, swamps, fens.</p>
<p>Va -- <strong>Alpine wetlands</strong>; includes alpine meadows, temporary waters from snowmelt.</p>
<p>Vt -- <strong>Tundra wetlands</strong>; includes tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt.</p>
<p>W -- <strong>Shrub-dominated wetlands</strong>; includes shrub swamps, shrub-dominated freshwater marshes, shrub carr, alder thicket on inorganic soils.</p>
<p>Xf -- <strong>Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands</strong>; includes freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests, wooded swamps on inorganic soils.</p>
<p>Xp -- <strong>Forested peatlands</strong>; peatswamp forests.</p>
<p>Y -- <strong>Freshwater springs; oases</strong>. </p>
<p>Zg -- <strong>Geothermal wetlands.</strong></p>
<p>Zk(b) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, inland.</p>
<p><u>Note</u>: &#x201C;<strong>floodplain</strong>&#x201D; is a broad term used to refer to one or more wetland types, which may include examples from the R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, or other wetland types. Some examples of floodplain wetlands are seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands and forests. Floodplain wetlands are not listed as a specific wetland type herein.</p>
<p><strong>Table 3: Tabulations of Wetland Type characteristics, Inland Wetlands:</strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="16">
<p>Fresh water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Flowing water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivers, streams, creeks </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Deltas</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>L</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Springs, oases</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Y</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivers, streams, creeks</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>N</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Lakes and pools</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>O</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>&lt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>P</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Marshes on inorganic soils</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Herb-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent/ Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Shrub-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>W</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Tree-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xf</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Herb-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes on peat soils</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Non-forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>U</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes on inorganic or peat soils</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>High altitude (alpine)</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Va</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Tundra</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vt</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Saline, brackish or alkaline water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Lakes</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Q</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>R</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes &amp; pools</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Sp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Fresh, saline, brackish or alkaline water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Geothermal</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zg</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Subterranean</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(b)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Human-made wetlands</strong></p>
<p>1 -- <strong>Aquaculture</strong> (e.g. fish/shrimp) <strong>ponds.</strong></p>
<p>2 -- <strong>Ponds</strong>; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks (generally below 8 ha).</p>
<p>3 -- <strong>Irrigated land</strong>; includes irrigation channels and rice fields.</p>
<p>4 -- <strong>Seasonally flooded agricultural land</strong> (including intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or pasture).</p>
<p>5 -- <strong>Salt exploitation sites</strong>; salt pans, salines, etc.</p>
<p>6 -- <strong>Water storage areas</strong>; reservoirs/barrages/dams/impoundments (generally over 8 ha).</p>
<p>7 -- <strong>Excavations</strong>; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.</p>
<p>8 -- <strong>Wastewater treatment areas</strong>; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.</p>
<p>9 --<strong>Canals and drainage channels, ditches.</strong></p>
<p>Zk(c) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, human-made</p>
<p></p>
<h1>Références</h1>
<p>Des références et des liens sont fournis dans la section des méthodes et des conseils mis à la disposition des pays pour la compilation des données au niveau national.</p>
<h1>Annexe 1 Classification des zones humides Ramsar </h1>
<p>Les codes sont basés sur le Système de classification Ramsar des types de zones humides, tel qu'approuvé par la Conférence des Parties contractantes dans la Recommandation 4.7 et modifié par les Résolutions VI.5 et VII.11. </p>
<p>Pour aider à l'identification des types de zones humides appropriés, le Secrétariat a fourni ci-dessous des tableaux de certaines des caractéristiques de chaque type de zone humide, pour les zones humides marines/côtières et les zones humides continentales. </p>
<h2>Zones humides marines/côtières</h2>
<p><strong>A. Eaux marines permanentes peu profondes </strong> dans la plupart des cas, moins de six mètres de profondeur à marée basse ; comprend les baies et les détroits. </p>
<p><strong>B. Lits aquatiques subtidaux marins </strong> ; comprend les lits de varechs, les lits d'herbiers marins, les prairies marines tropicales </p>.
<p><strong>C. Récifs coralliens. </strong> </p>
<p><strong>D. Rivages marins rocheux </strong> ; comprend les îles rocheuses au large, les falaises marines </p>.
<p><strong>E. Rivages de sable, de galets ou de cailloux </strong> ; comprend les bancs de sable, les flèches et les îlots sablonneux ; comprend les systèmes de dunes et les pantalons de dunes humides. </p>
<p><strong>F. Eaux estuariennes </strong> ; eaux permanentes des estuaires et des systèmes estuariens des deltas </p>.
<p>]<strong>G. Boues, sables ou salines intertidales. </strong></p>
<p><strong>H. Marais intertidaux </strong> ; comprend les marais salés, les prés salés, les salines, les marais salés surélevés ; comprend les marais d'eau saumâtre et d'eau douce à marée. </p>
<p><strong>I. Zones humides boisées intertidales </strong> ; comprend les mangroves, les marais nippons et les forêts marécageuses d'eau douce de marée. </p>
<p><strong>J. Lagunes côtières saumâtres/salées </strong> ; lagunes saumâtres à salines avec au moins une connexion relativement étroite avec la mer. </p>
<p><strong>K. Lagunes d'eau douce côtières </strong> ; comprend les lagunes d'eau douce du delta. </p>
<p><strong>ZK(a). Systèmes karstiques et autres systèmes hydrologiques souterrains </strong>, marins/côtiers </p>
<p><strong>Tabulations des caractéristiques des types de zones humides, Zones humides marines / côtières : </strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Eau salée </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p> &lt; 6 m de profondeur </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>A</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>La végétation sous-marine</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>B</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Récifs coralliens </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Rivages </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rocher </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>D</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Sable, galets ou cailloux </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>E</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Eau salée ou saumâtre </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Intertidal</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Plaines (boue, sable ou sel) </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>G</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Marais </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>H</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forestier </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>I</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagunes </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Eaux estuariennes </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Eau salée, saumâtre ou douce </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>sous terre</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(a) </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Eau douce </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagunes </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Zones humides intérieures </h2>
<p><strong>A. Deltas intérieurs permanents </strong> </p>.
<p><strong>B. Rivières/ruisseaux/crèches permanents </strong> ; y compris les chutes d'eau. </p>
<p><strong>C. Saisonniers/intermittents/irréguliers fleuves/ruisseaux/crèches </strong> </p> <p> <strong>
<p><strong>D. Lacs d'eau douce permanents </strong> (plus de 8 ha) ; y compris les grands lacs en arc de cercle. </p>
<p><strong>E. Lacs d'eau douce saisonniers/intermittents </strong> (plus de 8 ha) ; y compris les lacs de plaine inondable. </p>
<p><strong>F. Lacs salins, saumâtres et alcalins permanents. </strong> </p>
<p><strong>G. Lacs et battures saisonniers/intermittents salés/brisés/alcalins. </strong></p>

<p><strong>Ss.</strong> <strong>Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools</strong>. </p>
<p><strong>Tp. </strong><strong>Marais et mares d'eau douce permanents ; étangs </strong> (moins de 8 ha), marais et marécages sur sols inorganiques; avec végétation émergente gorgée d'eau pendant au moins la plus grande partie de la saison de croissance </p>.
<p><strong>T.</strong><strong>Marais/piscines d'eau douce saisonniers/intermittents sur sols inorganiques </strong> ; comprend les marécages, les nids de poule, les prairies inondées de façon saisonnière, les marais à carex. </p>
<p><strong>U.</strong><strong>Tourbières non boisées</strong> ; comprend les tourbières arbustives ou ouvertes, les marais, les fagnes.</p>
<p><strong>Va.</strong><strong>Zones humides alpines</strong> ; comprend les prairies alpines, les eaux temporaires de la fonte des neiges.</p>
<p><strong>Vt. </strong><strong>Zones humides de la toundra </strong> ; comprend les mares de la toundra, les eaux temporaires provenant de la fonte des neiges. </p>
<p><strong>W.</strong><strong>Zones humides à dominance arbustive </strong> ; comprend les marais arbustifs, les marais d'eau douce à dominance arbustive, les carrures arbustives, les fourrés d'aulnes sur sols inorganiques. </p><strong>Xf.</strong><strong>
<p>Zones humides d'eau douce à dominance arboricole</strong> ; comprend les forêts marécageuses d'eau douce, les forêts inondées de façon saisonnière, les marécages boisés sur sols inorganiques.</p>
<p><strong>Xp</strong>. <strong>Tourbières boisées </strong> ; forêts de tourbières humides. </p>
<p><strong>Y. </strong><strong>Sources d'eau douce ; oasis </strong>. </p>
<p><strong>Zg</strong>. <strong>Geothermal wetlands</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Zk(b)</strong><strong>Systèmes karstiques et autres systèmes hydrologiques souterrains</strong>, à l'intérieur des terres.</p>
<p><u>Note</u>: &#x201C;<strong>plaine d'inondation </strong>&#x201D; est un terme général utilisé pour désigner un ou plusieurs types de zones humides, qui peuvent inclure des exemples des types R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, ou d'autres types de zones humides. Les prairies inondées de façon saisonnière (y compris les prairies humides naturelles), les arbustes, les bois et les forêts sont des exemples de zones humides de plaine d'inondation. Les zones humides de plaine d'inondation ne sont pas répertoriées ici comme un type de zone humide spécifique. </p>
<p><strong>Tabulations des caractéristiques des types de zones humides, Zones humides continentales: </strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="16">
<p>Eau douce </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Eau courante </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivières, ruisseaux, criques </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Deltas </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>L</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Sources, oasis </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Y</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivières, ruisseaux, criques </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>N</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Lacs et mares </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p> &gt; 8 ha </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>O</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p> &lt; 8 ha </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Saisonnier/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p> &gt; 8 ha </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>P</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<p> &lt; 8 ha </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Marais sur sols inorganiques </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dominé par les herbes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanente/saisonnière/intermittente </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dominé par les arbustes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>W</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Dominé par les arbres</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xf </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Saisonnnier/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Dominé par les herbes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marais sur sols tourbeux </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Non forestier</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>U</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forestier </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xp </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marais sur sols inorganiques ou tourbeux </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Haute altitude (alpine) </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Va </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Toundra </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vt </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Eau salée, saumâtre ou alcaline </p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Lacs </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Q</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Saisonnier/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>R</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marais &amp; piscine </p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Sp </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Saisonnier/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ss </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Eau douce, salée, saumâtre ou alcaline </p>
</td>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Géothermique</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zg </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Sous terre</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(b) </p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Zones humides artificielles</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>Aquaculture </strong> (par ex. poissons/crevettes) <strong>étangs
</strong></li>
<li><strong>Étangs </strong> ; comprend les étangs de ferme, les étangs de stockage,
les petits réservoirs (généralement inférieurs à 8 ha) </li>.
<li><strong>Terres irriguées </strong> ; comprend les canaux d'irrigation et les
rizières </li>.
<li>]<strong>Terres agricoles saisonnièrement inondées</strong> (y compris les
prairies humides ou les pâturages gérés de manière intensive ou pâturés)</li>.
<li><strong>Sites d'exploitation du sel </strong> ; marais salants, salines, etc.
<li><strong> Zones de stockage de l'eau</strong> ; réservoirs/barrage/barrages
de retenue (généralement plus de 8 ha)</li>.
<li><strong> Excavations ; gravières, briques, argiles ; </strong> Bancs d'emprunt,
gisements miniers </li>.
<li><strong>Zones de traitement des eaux usées </strong> ; fermes d'épuration,
bassins de décantation, bassins d'oxydation, etc.
<li><strong>Canaux et canaux de drainage, fossés </strong></li>.
</ol>
<p><strong>Zk(c). </strong><strong>Systèmes karstiques et autres systèmes hydrologiques souterrains </strong>, d'origine humaine </p>
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<p>References and links are provided in the section of methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level.</p>
<p><strong>Annex 1 Ramsar Wetland Classification</strong></p>
<p>The codes are based upon the Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Types, as approved by the Conference of the Contracting Parties in Recommendation 4.7 and amended by Resolutions VI.5 and VII.11. </p>
<p>To assist in identification of the correct Wetland Types, the Secretariat has provided below tabulations of some of the characteristics of each Wetland Type, for Marine/Coastal Wetlands and Inland Wetlands. </p>
<p><strong>Marine/Coastal Wetlands</strong></p>
<p>A -- <strong>Permanent shallow marine waters</strong> in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits.</p>
<p>B -- <strong>Marine subtidal aquatic beds</strong>; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows.</p>
<p>C -- <strong>Coral reefs</strong>.</p>
<p>D -- <strong>Rocky marine shores</strong>; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs.</p>
<p>E -- <strong>Sand, shingle or pebble shores</strong>; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks.</p>
<p>F -- <strong>Estuarine waters</strong>; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.</p>
<p>G -- <strong>Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats</strong>.</p>
<p>H -- <strong>Intertidal marshes</strong>; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.</p>
<p>I -- <strong>Intertidal forested wetlands</strong>; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests. </p>
<p>J -- <strong>Coastal brackish/saline lagoons</strong>; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea.</p>
<p>K -- <strong>Coastal freshwater lagoons</strong>; includes freshwater delta lagoons.</p>
<p>Zk(a) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, marine/coastal</p>
<p><strong>Table 2: Tabulations of Wetland Type characteristics, Marine / Coastal Wetlands:</strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Saline water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 6 m deep</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>A</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Underwater vegetation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>B</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Coral reefs</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>C</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Shores</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rocky</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>D</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Sand, shingle or pebble</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>E</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">
<p>Saline or brackish water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Intertidal</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Flats (mud, sand or salt)</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>G</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Marshes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>H</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>I</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagoons</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>J</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Estuarine waters</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>F</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Saline, brackish or fresh water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Subterranean</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(a)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Fresh water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Lagoons</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>K</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Inland Wetlands</strong></p>
<p>L -- <strong>Permanent inland deltas</strong>.</p>
<p>M -- <strong>Permanent rivers/streams/creeks</strong>; includes waterfalls.</p>
<p>N -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks</strong>.</p>
<p>O -- <strong>Permanent freshwater lakes</strong> (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes.</p>
<p>P -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes</strong> (over 8 ha); includes floodplain lakes.</p>
<p>Q -- <strong>Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes</strong>.</p>
<p>R -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats</strong>.</p>
<p>Sp -- <strong>Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools</strong>.</p>
<p>Ss -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools</strong>. </p>
<p>Tp -- <strong>Permanent freshwater marshes/pools</strong>; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season.</p>
<p>Ts -- <strong>Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soils</strong>; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.</p>
<p>U -- <strong>Non-forested peatlands</strong>; includes shrub or open bogs, swamps, fens.</p>
<p>Va -- <strong>Alpine wetlands</strong>; includes alpine meadows, temporary waters from snowmelt.</p>
<p>Vt -- <strong>Tundra wetlands</strong>; includes tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt.</p>
<p>W -- <strong>Shrub-dominated wetlands</strong>; includes shrub swamps, shrub-dominated freshwater marshes, shrub carr, alder thicket on inorganic soils.</p>
<p>Xf -- <strong>Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands</strong>; includes freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests, wooded swamps on inorganic soils.</p>
<p>Xp -- <strong>Forested peatlands</strong>; peatswamp forests.</p>
<p>Y -- <strong>Freshwater springs; oases</strong>. </p>
<p>Zg -- <strong>Geothermal wetlands.</strong></p>
<p>Zk(b) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, inland.</p>
<p><u>Note</u>: &#x201C;<strong>floodplain</strong>&#x201D; is a broad term used to refer to one or more wetland types, which may include examples from the R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, or other wetland types. Some examples of floodplain wetlands are seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands and forests. Floodplain wetlands are not listed as a specific wetland type herein.</p>
<p><strong>Table 3: Tabulations of Wetland Type characteristics, Inland Wetlands:</strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="16">
<p>Fresh water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Flowing water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivers, streams, creeks </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>M</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Deltas</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>L</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Springs, oases</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Y</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Rivers, streams, creeks</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>N</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Lakes and pools</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>O</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>&lt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>P</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 8 ha</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Marshes on inorganic soils</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Herb-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Tp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent/ Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Shrub-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>W</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Tree-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xf</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Herb-dominated</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes on peat soils</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Non-forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>U</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Forested</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Xp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes on inorganic or peat soils</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>High altitude (alpine)</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Va</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Tundra</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vt</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p>Saline, brackish or alkaline water</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Lakes</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Q</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>R</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Marshes &amp; pools</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Permanent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Sp</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Seasonal/intermittent</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Ss</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Fresh, saline, brackish or alkaline water</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Geothermal</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zg</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
<p>Subterranean</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Zk(b)</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Human-made wetlands</strong></p>
<p>1 -- <strong>Aquaculture</strong> (e.g. fish/shrimp) <strong>ponds.</strong></p>
<p>2 -- <strong>Ponds</strong>; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks (generally below 8 ha).</p>
<p>3 -- <strong>Irrigated land</strong>; includes irrigation channels and rice fields.</p>
<p>4 -- <strong>Seasonally flooded agricultural land</strong> (including intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or pasture).</p>
<p>5 -- <strong>Salt exploitation sites</strong>; salt pans, salines, etc.</p>
<p>6 -- <strong>Water storage areas</strong>; reservoirs/barrages/dams/impoundments (generally over 8 ha).</p>
<p>7 -- <strong>Excavations</strong>; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.</p>
<p>8 -- <strong>Wastewater treatment areas</strong>; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.</p>
<p>9 --<strong>Canals and drainage channels, ditches.</strong></p>
<p>Zk(c) &#x2013; <strong>Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems</strong>, human-made</p>
<p></p>
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<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>Data are available for all countries (143) that submitted National Reports for COP13 as well as for previous COPs as indicated below. The data collected include information on wetland inventories and extent. For the missing country data (16%) as indicated in the &#x201C;Quality assurance section&#x201D;, the Secretariat will prepare in 2018 reports with the available source of information for Indictor 6.6.1 that will be sent to the respective Ramsar Administrative Authorities for validation. The gaps of information will be addressed during 2018 and 2019 to fully report in late 2020. </p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>The Secretariat holds National Report information from COP8 (2002), COP9 (2005), COP10 (2008), COP11 (2012), COP12 (2015) and COP13 (2018) National Reports, in databases which permit an analysis of trends in implementation over time, from the 2002-2005 triennium to 2012-2015 that includes specific indicators such as wetland inventories. However, for wetland extent, the data collection has started in 2018. Contracting Parties report in two main categories in the Ramsar classification: inland and human-made wetlands.</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>No further disaggregation of this indicator </p>
<h1>Disponibilité des données </h1>
<p><strong>Description:</strong></p>
<p>Les données sont disponibles pour tous les pays (143) qui ont soumis des rapports nationaux pour la COP13 ainsi que pour les COP précédentes, comme indiqué ci-dessous. Les données recueillies comprennent des informations sur les inventaires et l'étendue des zones humides. Pour les données nationales manquantes (16 %) comme indiqué dans la &#x201C;section assurance qualité&#x201D;, le Secrétariat préparera en 2018 des rapports avec la source d'information disponible pour l'Indicateur 6.6.1 qui seront envoyés aux Autorités administratives Ramsar respectives pour validation. Les lacunes en matière d'information seront comblées en 2018 et 2019 afin d'établir un rapport complet à la fin de 2020. </p>
<h2>Série chronologique : </h2>
<p>Le Secrétariat conserve les informations des rapports nationaux de la COP8 (2002), de la COP9 (2005), de la COP10 (2008), de la COP11 (2012), de la COP12 (2015) et de la COP13 (2018) dans des bases de données qui permettent d'analyser les tendances de la mise en œuvre dans le temps, de la période triennale 2002-2005 à 2012-2015, et qui comprennent des indicateurs spécifiques tels que les inventaires des zones humides. Toutefois, pour l'étendue des zones humides, la collecte de données a commencé en 2018. </p>
<h2>Désagrégation:</h2>
<p>Pas de ventilation supplémentaire de cet indicateur. </p>
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<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>Data are available for all countries (143) that submitted National Reports for COP13 as well as for previous COPs as indicated below. The data collected include information on wetland inventories and extent. For the missing country data (16%) as indicated in the &#x201C;Quality assurance section&#x201D;, the Secretariat will prepare in 2018 reports with the available source of information for Indictor 6.6.1 that will be sent to the respective Ramsar Administrative Authorities for validation. The gaps of information will be addressed during 2018 and 2019 to fully report in late 2020. </p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>The Secretariat holds National Report information from COP8 (2002), COP9 (2005), COP10 (2008), COP11 (2012), COP12 (2015) and COP13 (2018) National Reports, in databases which permit an analysis of trends in implementation over time, from the 2002-2005 triennium to 2012-2015 that includes specific indicators such as wetland inventories. However, for wetland extent, the data collection has started in 2018. Contracting Parties report in two main categories in the Ramsar classification: inland and human-made wetlands.</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>No further disaggregation of this indicator </p>
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<p>Refinement of data includes reporting on wetland type using the two main categories in the Ramsar classification: inland and human-made wetlands. Through this mechanism, national validated data using accepted international definitions of wetlands under the Convention are provided to measure the extent of water-related ecosystems under SDG 6. </p>
 
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<p>At the 52nd meeting of the Standing Committee (SC52) in 2016, Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands approved the inclusion of an indicator on wetland extent in the National Report to COP13. The Secretariat provides guidance and training to Contracting Parties for the submission of National Reports to COP13/COP14 and developed a toolkit and training on wetlands inventories to enable them to provide data that could be used for SDG Indicator 6.6.1 reporting. The Secretariat also works with Parties to complete and refine information on extent that has been submitted to the Secretariat and to identify information that is available in existing inventories referred in National Reports, that has not been used to report on wetland extent. Through this mechanism, national validated data using accepted international definitions of wetlands are provided to measure the extent of water-related ecosystems under SDG 6. </p>
 
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<p>Countries under the Ramsar Convention provide all data in the form of a country report following a standard format approved by the Standing Committee, which includes the original data and reference of wetland inventories as the main source of information. </p>
<p>Detailed methodology and guidance on how to provide the data on extent for indicator 6.6.1 in their National Reports and to use Ramsar definition and classification is found in the document &#x201C;Guidance on information on national wetland extent, is provided in Target 8 National Wetlands Inventory of the Ramsar National Report for COP13 and COP14 &#x201D;. </p>
<p>The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has taken many steps to ensure the wise use and conservation of wetlands globally. This has included the development and promotion of guidance and best practice tools for the inventory, assessment and monitoring of change in wetlands with emphasis in recent years on the application of an increasing number of satellite-based remote sensing approaches (Davidson &amp; Finlayson 2007; Mackay et al. 2009; Ramsar Secretariat 2010a). This has become necessary as there is an increasing demand for information that can be readily used by wetland managers to help stem the ongoing loss and degradation of wetlands. </p>
<p>The utility of different remote sensing datasets for wetland inventory, monitoring and assessment is well established, through the provision of site based (Land Use Land Cover (LULC)) maps characterising an ecosystem, to the analysis of time series data (remote sensing datasets collected consistently over a particular time period) to determine changes.</p>
<p>The availability and accessibility of EO datasets suitable for addressing the information needs of the Ramsar Convention and wetland practitioners has increased dramatically in the recent past; increasing capabilities in terms of spatial, temporal and spectral resolution of the data have enabled more efficient and reliable monitoring of the environment over time at global, regional and local scales.</p>
<p>The Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Convention has produced a Ramsar Technical Report on &#x201C;Best practice guidelines for the use of Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring: An information source for wetland managers provided by the Ramsar Convention for Wetlands&#x201D;. The Ramsar Convention and EO based approaches build on those previously undertaken on the use of EO technologies for implementation of the Convention (Ramsar, 2002; Davidson &amp; Finlayson, 2007; Mackay et al., 2009) and are placed within the conceptualisation of wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring that were incorporated into the IF-WIAM (Ramsar Secretariat, 2010b). </p>
<p>The purpose of the report is to provide an overview of the application of EO technologies to inform wetland managers and practitioners, and stakeholders, including those from related sectors, such as protected area managers and wetland education centre staff (Ramsar Convention, 2015) about &#x201C;best practice&#x201D; use of EO technologies, taking into account requirements and recommendations from the Convention. </p>
<p>EO provides an effective means for periodic mapping and monitoring over regional to global scales. It should, however, not be expected that global datasets, can achieve the same high level of accuracy everywhere as a local scale map derived through ground surveys and the use of finer resolution (aerial, drones) geospatial data.</p>
<p>Although mapping of land cover and land uses are one of the most common uses of EO data, there are still challenges in assessing the current status and changes in wetlands over time. Monitoring historical trends and changing patterns of wetlands is complicated by the lack of medium to high-resolution data in particular prior to 2000. </p>
<p>Despite the ever-expanding data archives, improving quality and increasing suitability of EO data for wetland inventory, monitoring and assessment, it is important to note that &#x201C;ground-truthing&#x201D; or field-based assessments and validation are still a vital component of any work involving EO data, whose occasional omission may still lead to problematic results. </p>
<p>Ramsar partners such as Jaxa and ESA have conducted pilot projects that provide geospatial information to provide changes to Ramsar, national wetland practitioners, decision makers, and NGOs. </p>
<p>Wetland inventory provides the basis for guiding the development of appropriate assessment and monitoring, and is used to collect information to describe the ecological character of wetlands including that used to support the listing of Ramsar sites, as recorded in the Ramsar Information Sheet (Ramsar Secretariat, 2012), assessment considers the pressures and associated risks of adverse change in ecological character; and monitoring, which can include both survey and surveillance, provides information on the extent of any change that occurs as a consequence of management actions. </p>
<p>Under the Convention, multiple guidelines have been developed to support countries to complete national wetland inventories (NWIs) including the use of metadata (Some of these guidelines are mentioned below). More recently in 2020, the Secretariat prepared a toolkit on wetlands inventory to assist Contracting Parties to implement or update a NWI. The aim of the toolkit is to provide practical guidance and examples of how to implement an NWI, including a step-by-step process and resources to support each recommendation. Good practices and examples on the areas of carrying out and updating NWIs, inventory methods, data collection, Earth observation and use of wetland inventories in decision-making are provided. Examples that illustrate how to solve the challenges faced by Contracting Parties are also included. The toolkit includes an introduction linking NWIs to SDG targets and expounding on the importance of an NWI for decision-making, including suggestions for building the case for supporting and protecting wetlands. </p>
<p>The Secretariat is using the toolkit as a central resource for the development of training materials, webinars and other training opportunities for Contracting Parties.</p>
<p><strong>Ramsar Guidelines</strong></p>
<p>A new toolkit for National Wetlands Inventories</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/nwi_toolkit_2020_e.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/nwi_toolkit_2020_e.pdf</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Handbook 15 Wetland Inventory. Ramsar Secretariat 2010a.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-15.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-15.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar Handbooks: Handbook 13 Inventory, assessment and monitoring. Ramsar Secretariat 2010b <a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-13.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-13.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar Technical Report 2 Low-cost GIS software and data for wetland inventory, assessment &amp; monitoring. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf">Ramsar Technical Report 4: A Framework for a wetland inventory metadatabase.</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar (2002). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, The 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, Valencia, Spain, 18-26 November 2002, COP8 DOC. 35, The use of Earth Observation technology to support the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution VIII.6 A Ramsar Framework for Wetland Inventory <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory">http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory</a></p>
<p>Resolution VI.12 National Wetland Inventories and candidate sites for listing <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution VII.20 Priorities for wetland inventory <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution IX.1 Additional scientific and technical guidance for implementing the Ramsar wise use concept Annex E. An Integrated Framework for wetland inventory assessment and monitoring <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution X.15 Describing the ecological character of wetlands and data needs and formats for core inventory: harmonized scientific and technical guidance <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/document/ramsar-technical-report-10-the-use-of-earth-observation-for-wetland-inventory-assessment">Ramsar Technical Report 10: The use of Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring | Ramsar</a></p>
<p>The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. (2011). The 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, Bucharest, Romania, 6-13 July, 2012. Resolution XI.8, Annex 2: Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) &#x2013; 2012 revision. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/cop11-res08-e-anx2_revcop13.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/cop11-res08-e-anx2_revcop13.pdf</a></p>
<p>Davidson, N.C. &amp; Finlayson, C.M. (2007). Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17, 219-228.</p>
<p><a href="https://booksc.org/book/538915/be9741">Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring | N.C. Davidson; C.M. Finlayson | download (booksc.org)</a></p>
<p>MacKay, H., Finlayson, C.M., Fern&#xE1;ndez-Prieto, D., Davidson, N., Pritchard, D. &amp; Rebelo, L.-M. (2009). The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 90(7), 2234-2242.</p>
<p><a href="https://booksc.org/book/3680727/08a074">The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands | H. MacKay; C.M. Finlayson; D. Fern&#xE1;ndez-Prieto; N. Davidson; D. Pritchard; L.-M. Rebelo | download (booksc.org)</a></p>
<h2>Méthodes et orientations mises à la disposition des pays pour la compilation des données au niveau national:</h2>
<p>Les pays de la Convention de Ramsar fournissent toutes les données sous la forme d'un rapport national suivant un format standard approuvé par le Comité permanent, qui comprend les données originales et la référence des inventaires des zones humides comme principale source d'information. </p>
<p>Une méthodologie et des orientations détaillées sur la manière de fournir les données sur l'étendue pour l'indicateur 6.6.1 dans leurs rapports nationaux et d'utiliser la définition et la classification Ramsar se trouvent dans le document &#x201C;Orientations sur les informations relatives à l'étendue nationale des zones humides, à fournir dans l'inventaire national des zones humides de la cible 8 du Rapport national Ramsar pour la COP13 &#x201D;. </p>
<p>La Convention de Ramsar sur les zones humides a pris de nombreuses mesures pour assurer l'utilisation rationnelle et la conservation des zones humides au niveau mondial. Elle a notamment élaboré et promu des orientations et des outils de meilleures pratiques pour l'inventaire, l'évaluation et le suivi des changements dans les zones humides, en mettant particulièrement l'accent, ces dernières années, sur l'application d'un nombre croissant de méthodes de télédétection par satellite (Davidson &amp; Finlayson 2007 ; Mackay et al. 2009 ; Secrétariat Ramsar 2010a). 2009 ; Secrétariat Ramsar 2010a). Ceci est devenu nécessaire car il existe une demande croissante d'informations pouvant être facilement utilisées par les gestionnaires des zones humides pour aider à enrayer la perte et la dégradation continues des zones humides. </p>
<p>L'utilité des différents ensembles de données de télédétection pour l'inventaire, la surveillance et l'évaluation des zones humides est bien établie, en particulier grâce à la fourniture de cartes basées sur les sites (Land Use Land Cover (LULC)) caractérisant un écosystème particulier, à l'analyse de données de séries chronologiques (ensembles de données de télédétection collectées de manière cohérente sur une période donnée) pour déterminer les changements. <p>
<p>La disponibilité et l'accessibilité des ensembles de données d'OT permettant de répondre aux besoins d'information de la Convention de Ramsar et des praticiens des zones humides ont augmenté de façon spectaculaire dans un passé récent ; les capacités croissantes en termes de résolution spatiale, temporelle et spectrale des données ont permis une surveillance plus efficace et plus fiable de l'environnement dans le temps aux échelles mondiale, régionale et locale. </p>
<p>Le Groupe d'évaluation scientifique et technique de la Convention a produit un rapport technique Ramsar sur les &#x201C;meilleures pratiques pour l'utilisation de l'observation de la Terre pour l'inventaire, l'évaluation et la surveillance des zones humides : Une source d'information pour les gestionnaires de zones humides fournie par la Convention de Ramsar pour les zones humides &#x201D;. La Convention de Ramsar et les approches basées sur l'observation de la Terre s'appuient sur celles qui ont été précédemment entreprises sur l'utilisation des technologies d'observation de la Terre pour la mise en œuvre de la Convention (Ramsar 2002 ; Davidson &amp; Finlayson 2007 ; Mackay et al. 2009) et sont placées dans la conceptualisation de l'inventaire, de l'évaluation et de la surveillance des zones humides qui ont été incorporées dans le Cadre international pour la gestion intégrée des zones humides (Secrétariat Ramsar 2010b). </p>
<p>Le but de ce rapport est de fournir une vue d'ensemble de l'application des technologies d'OT pour informer les gestionnaires et les praticiens des zones humides, ainsi que les parties prenantes, y compris celles des secteurs connexes, tels que les gestionnaires des zones protégées et le personnel des centres d'éducation aux zones humides (Convention de Ramsar 2015), sur les &#x201C;meilleures pratiques &#x201D; d'utilisation des technologies d'OT, en tenant compte des exigences et des recommandations de la Convention. </p>
<p>L'OT fournit un moyen efficace de cartographie et de surveillance périodiques à l'échelle régionale et mondiale. Il ne faut cependant pas s'attendre à ce que les ensembles de données mondiales puissent atteindre partout le même niveau élevé de précision qu'une carte à l'échelle locale dérivée par des levés au sol et l'utilisation de données géospatiales à résolution plus fine (aériennes, drones).</p>
<p>Bien que la cartographie de la couverture et de l'utilisation des sols soit l'une des utilisations les plus courantes des données d'OT, il reste des défis à relever pour évaluer l'état actuel et les changements des zones humides au fil du temps. Le suivi des tendances historiques et de l'évolution des zones humides est compliqué par le manque de données de moyenne à haute résolution, en particulier avant 2000. </p>
4001]Malgré l'expansion constante des archives de données, l'amélioration de la qualité et l'adéquation croissante des données d'OT pour l'inventaire, la surveillance et l'évaluation des zones humides, il est important de noter que la &#x201C;vérification sur le terrain&#x201D; ou les évaluations et la validation sur le terrain sont toujours une composante essentielle de tout travail impliquant des données d'OT, dont l'omission occasionnelle peut encore conduire à des résultats problématiques. </p>
<p>Les partenaires de Ramsar tels que Jaxa et l'ESA ont mené des projets pilotes qui fournissent des informations géospatiales afin d'apporter des changements à Ramsar, aux praticiens nationaux des zones humides, aux décideurs et aux ONG. </p>
<p>L'inventaire des zones humides sert de base pour orienter l'élaboration d'une évaluation et d'une surveillance appropriées et permet de recueillir des informations pour décrire les caractéristiques écologiques des zones humides, y compris celles utilisées pour appuyer l'inscription de sites Ramsar, comme indiqué dans la Fiche d'information Ramsar (Secrétariat Ramsar 2012). L'évaluation tient compte des pressions et des risques associés de changements défavorables dans les caractéristiques écologiques ; et la surveillance, qui peut comprendre à la fois l'étude et le suivi, fournit des informations sur l'ampleur de tout changement qui se produit en conséquence des mesures de gestion. </p>
<p>Dans le cadre de la Convention, de nombreuses lignes directrices ont été élaborées pour aider les pays à réaliser des inventaires nationaux des zones humides, y compris l'utilisation de métadonnées (certaines de ces lignes directrices sont mentionnées ci-dessous). Plus récemment, en 2020, le Secrétariat a préparé une boîte à outils sur l'inventaire des zones humides pour aider les parties contractantes à mettre en œuvre ou à mettre à jour un inventaire national des zones humides. L'objectif de cette boîte à outils est de fournir des conseils pratiques et des exemples sur la façon de mettre en œuvre un inventaire des zones humides, y compris un processus par étapes et des ressources pour soutenir chaque recommandation. Les bonnes pratiques et les exemples sur les domaines de la mise en œuvre et de la mise à jour des INN, les méthodes d'inventaire, la collecte de données, l'observation de la Terre et l'utilisation des inventaires des zones humides dans la prise de décision sont fournis. Des exemples illustrant la manière de résoudre les problèmes rencontrés par les Parties contractantes sont également inclus. La boîte à outils comprend une introduction reliant les INN aux objectifs des SDG et expliquant l'importance d'une INN pour la prise de décision, y compris des suggestions pour établir le bien-fondé du soutien et de la protection des zones humides. </p>
<p>Le Secrétariat utilise la boîte à outils comme une ressource centrale pour le développement de matériel de formation, de webinaires et d'autres possibilités de formation pour les Parties contractantes. </p>
<p><strong><em>Ramsar Guidelines</em></strong></p>
<p>Manuels Ramsar : <em>Manuel 13 Inventaire, évaluation et suivi, et Manuel 15 Inventaire des zones humides </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/resources/ramsar-handbooks">http://www.ramsar.org/resources/ramsar-handbooks</a>. </p>
6668]Rapport technique Ramsar Logiciel SIG à faible coût et données pour l'inventaire des zones humides, évaluation &amp; surveillance. <a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar&#xA0;Rapport technique 4 : Cadre pour une base de métadonnées d'inventaire des zones humides <a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar 2002. La Convention de Ramsar sur les zones humides, 8e session de la Conférence des parties à la Convention sur les zones humides, Valence, Espagne, 18-26 novembre 2002, COP8 DOC. 35, <em>L'utilisation de la technologie d'observation de la Terre pour soutenir la mise en œuvre de la Convention de Ramsar </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Résolution VIII.6 <em>Un cadre Ramsar pour l'inventaire des zones humides </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory">http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory</a></p>
<p>Résolution VI.12 <em> Inventaires nationaux des zones humides et sites candidats à l'inscription </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Résolution VII.20 <em>Priorités pour l'inventaire des zones humides </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Résolution IX.1 <em>Orientations scientifiques et techniques complémentaires pour l'application du concept d'utilisation rationnelle de Ramsar Annexe E. Cadre intégré pour l'évaluation et le suivi des inventaires des zones humides </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Résolution X.15 <em>Décrire les caractéristiques écologiques des zones humides et les besoins en matière de données et de formats pour l'inventaire principal : orientations scientifiques et techniques harmonisées </em><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf</a></p>
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<p>Countries under the Ramsar Convention provide all data in the form of a country report following a standard format approved by the Standing Committee, which includes the original data and reference of wetland inventories as the main source of information. </p>
<p>Detailed methodology and guidance on how to provide the data on extent for indicator 6.6.1 in their National Reports and to use Ramsar definition and classification is found in the document &#x201C;Guidance on information on national wetland extent, to beis provided in Target 8 National Wetlands Inventory of the Ramsar National Report for COP13 and COP14 &#x201D;. </p>
<p>The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has taken many steps to ensure the wise use and conservation of wetlands globally. This has included the development and promotion of guidance and best practice tools for the inventory, assessment and monitoring of change in wetlands with a particular emphasis in recent years on the application of an increasing number of satellite-based remote sensing approaches (Davidson &amp; Finlayson 2007; Mackay et al. 2009; Ramsar Secretariat 2010a). This has become necessary as there is an increasing demand for information that can be readily used by wetland managers to help stem the ongoing loss and degradation of wetlands. </p>
<p>The utility of different remote sensing datasets for wetland inventory, monitoring and assessment is well established, in particular through the provision of site based (Land Use Land Cover (LULC)) maps characterising a particularn ecosystem, to the analysis of time series data (remote sensing datasets collected consistently over a particular time period) to determine changes.</p>
<p>The availability and accessibility of EO datasets suitable for addressing the information needs of the Ramsar Convention and wetland practitioners has increased dramatically in the recent past; increasing capabilities in terms of spatial, temporal and spectral resolution of the data have enabled more efficient and reliable monitoring of the environment over time at global, regional and local scales.</p>
<p>The Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Convention has produced a Ramsar Technical Report on &#x201C;Best practice guidelines for the use of Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring: An information source for wetland managers provided by the Ramsar Convention for Wetlands&#x201D;. The Ramsar Convention and EO based approaches build on those previously undertaken on the use of EO technologies for implementation of the Convention (Ramsar, 2002; Davidson &amp; Finlayson, 2007; Mackay et al., 2009) and are placed within the conceptualisation of wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring that were incorporated into the IF-WIAM (Ramsar Secretariat, 2010b). </p>
<p>The purpose of the report is to provide an overview of the application of EO technologies to inform wetland managers and practitioners, and stakeholders, including those from related sectors, such as protected area managers and wetland education centre staff (Ramsar Convention, 2015) about &#x201C;best practice&#x201D; use of EO technologies, taking into account requirements and recommendations from the Convention. </p>
<p>EO provides an effective means for periodic mapping and monitoring over regional to global scales. It should, however, not be expected that global datasets, can achieve the same high level of accuracy everywhere as a local scale map derived through ground surveys and the use of finer resolution (aerial, drones) geospatial data.</p>
<p>Although mapping of land cover and land uses are one of the most common uses of EO data, there are still challenges in assessing the current status and changes in wetlands over time. Monitoring historical trends and changing patterns of wetlands is complicated by the lack of medium to high-resolution data in particular prior to 2000. </p>
<p>Despite the ever -expanding data archives, improving quality and increasing suitability of EO data for wetland inventory, monitoring and assessment, it is important to note that &#x201C;ground-truthing&#x201D; or field -based assessments and validation are still a vital component of any work involving EO data, whose occasional omission may still lead to problematic results. </p>
<p>Ramsar partners such as Jaxa and ESA have conducted pilot projects that provide geospatial information to provide changes to Ramsar, national wetland practitioners, decision makers, and NGOs. </p>
<p>Wetland inventory provides the basis for guiding the development of appropriate assessment and monitoring, and is used to collect information to describe the ecological character of wetlands including that used to support the listing of Ramsar sites, as recorded in the Ramsar Information Sheet (Ramsar Secretariat, 2012), assessment considers the pressures and associated risks of adverse change in ecological character; and monitoring, which can include both survey and surveillance, provides information on the extent of any change that occurs as a consequence of management actions. </p>
<p>Under the Convention, multiple guidelines have been developed to support countries to complete national wetland inventories (NWIs) including the use of metadata (Some of these guidelines are mentioned below). More recently in 2020, the Secretariat prepared a toolkit on wetlands inventory to assist Contracting Parties to implement or update a NWI. The aim of the toolkit is to provide practical guidance and examples of how to implement an NWI, including a step-by-step process and resources to support each recommendation. Good practices and examples on the areas of carrying out and updating NWIs, inventory methods, data collection, Earth observation and use of wetland inventories in decision-making are provided. Examples that illustrate how to solve the challenges faced by Contracting Parties are also included. The toolkit includes an introduction linking NWIs to SDG targets and expounding on the importance of an NWI for decision-making, including suggestions for building the case for supporting and protecting wetlands. </p>
<p>The Secretariat is using the toolkit as a central resource for the development of training materials, webinars and other training opportunities for Contracting Parties.</p>
<p><strong>Ramsar Guidelines</p>
<p> strong></p>
<p>Ramsar Handbooks: Handbook 13 Inventory, assessment and monitoring, and Handbook 15 Wetland Inventory A new toolkit for National Wetlands Inventories</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/nwi_toolkit_2020_e.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/nwi_toolkit_2020_e.pdf</a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Handbook 15 Wetland Inventory. Ramsar Secretariat 2010a.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/resources/rsites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-15.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-15.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar-h Handbooks: Handbook 13 Inventory, assessment and monitoring. Ramsar Secretariat 2010b <a href=">https://www.ramsar.org/resources/ramsar-handbookssites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-13.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-13.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>Ramsar Technical Report 2 Low-cost GIS software and data for wetland inventory, assessment &amp; monitoring. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr02.pdf</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf">Ramsar Technical Report 4: A Framework for a wetland inventory metadatabase.</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/lib_rtr04.pdf</a></p>
<p>Ramsar (2002). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, The 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, Valencia, Spain, 18-26 November 2002, COP8 DOC. 35, The use of Earth Observation technology to support the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop8/cop8_doc_35_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution VIII.6 A Ramsar Framework for Wetland Inventory <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory">http://www.ramsar.org/document/resolution-viii6-a-ramsar-framework-for-wetland-inventory</a></p>
<p>Resolution VI.12 National Wetland Inventories and candidate sites for listing <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_vi.12e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution VII.20 Priorities for wetland inventory <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/key_res_vii.20e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution IX.1 Additional scientific and technical guidance for implementing the Ramsar wise use concept Annex E. An Integrated Framework for wetland inventory assessment and monitoring <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_ix_01_annexe_e.pdf</a></p>
<p>Resolution X.15 Describing the ecological character of wetlands and data needs and formats for core inventory: harmonized scientific and technical guidance <a href="http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf">http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/res/key_res_x_15_e.pdf</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/document/ramsar-technical-report-10-the-use-of-earth-observation-for-wetland-inventory-assessment">Ramsar Technical Report 10: The use of Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring | Ramsar</a></p>
<p>The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. (2011). The 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, Bucharest, Romania, 6-13 July, 2012. Resolution XI.8, Annex 2: Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) &#x2013; 2012 revision. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/cop11-res08-e-anx2_revcop13.pdf">https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/cop11-res08-e-anx2_revcop13.pdf</a></p>
<p>Davidson, N.C. &amp; Finlayson, C.M. (2007). Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17, 219-228.</p>
<p><a href="https://booksc.org/book/538915/be9741">Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring | N.C. Davidson; C.M. Finlayson | download (booksc.org)</a></p>
<p>MacKay, H., Finlayson, C.M., Fern&#xE1;ndez-Prieto, D., Davidson, N., Pritchard, D. &amp; Rebelo, L.-M. (2009). The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 90(7), 2234-2242.</p>
<p><a href="https://booksc.org/book/3680727/08a074">The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands | H. MacKay; C.M. Finlayson; D. Fern&#xE1;ndez-Prieto; N. Davidson; D. Pritchard; L.-M. Rebelo | download (booksc.org)</a></p>
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