2. SDG Metadata
3. 15-a-1
4. English

<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p>a) See all links here:<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm"><strong><u>http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm</u></strong></a></p>
<p><strong>References: </strong></p>
<p>a) See all links here:<strong> </strong><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm"><strong><u>http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm</u></strong></a></p>
<p>b) OECD (2020), <a href="https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/tracking-economic-instruments-and-finance-for-biodiversity-2020.pdf"><u>Tracking Economic Instruments and Finance for Biodiversity - 2020</u></a>. </p>
<p>The brochure also highlights on-going work to scale up the policy instruments to include Payments for Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity Offsets, and the finance these two policy instruments mobilise. The PINE data is available at <a href="https://oe.cd/pine"><u>https://oe.cd/pine</u></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Additional information extracted from the PINE database is reported in OECD (2019) <a href="https://www.oecd.org/env/resources/biodiversity/biodiversity-finance-and-the-economic-and-business-case-for-action.htm"><em><u>Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for Action</u></em></a></p>

<h1>References</h1>
<h2>URL:</h2p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p>Aa) See all links here: <strong> </strong><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm"><strong><u>http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm</a></p>
<h2u></strong></a></p>
<p><strong>References: </h2strong></p>
<p>Aa) See all links here: <strong> </strong><a href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm"><strong><u>http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/methodology.htm</u></strong></a></p>
<p>Bb) OECD (2020), <a href="https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/tracking-economic-instruments-and-finance-for-biodiversity-2020.pdf"><u>Tracking Economic Instruments and Finance for Biodiversity - 2020</u></a>. </p>
<p>The brochure also highlights on-going work to scale up the policy instruments to include Payments for Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity Offsets, and the finance these two policy instruments mobilise. The PINE data is available at <a href="https://oe.cd/pine"><u>https://oe.cd/pine</u></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Additional information extracted from the PINE database is reported in OECD (2019) <a href="https://www.oecd.org/env/resources/biodiversity/biodiversity-finance-and-the-economic-and-business-case-for-action.htm"><em><u>Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for Action</u></em></a></p>

<p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</strong></p>
<p>a) DAC statistics are standardized on a calendar year basis for all donors and may differ from fiscal year data available in budget documents for some countries. Some countries provide more comprehensive information than others.</p>
<p>b)<strong> </strong>Some countries provide more comprehensive information than others.</p>

<h2p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</h2>
<p><strong> </strong>Ap>
<p>a) DAC statistics are standardized on a calendar year basis for all donors and may differ from fiscal year data available in budget documents for some countries. Some countries provide more comprehensive information than others.</p>
<p>Bb)<strong> </strong>Some countries provide more comprehensive information than others.</p>

<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>a) The Rio biodiversity marker was introduced in 2002 and data are available since then for most DAC members, with improvements in reporting over time. Not all other providers report their data at an activity level though.</p>
<p>Provisional data classification: Tier I</p>
<p>b) Currently more than 110 countries are contributing data to the PINE database. As of March 2020, the database contained more than 3 500 policy instruments for the environment, of which 3 100 were in force. The environmental domains covered by the database include biodiversity, climate, air pollution, among others.</p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>a) The data are available since 1996 on an annual basis, with time series since 1950.</p>
<p>b) The data series is annual and data is available from before 1980. </p>
<p>The PINE database exists since 1996, with the added feature of tagging biodiversity-relevant instruments introduced in 2017. The biodiversity-relevant information in the PINE database is being used to monitor progress towards Aichi Target 3 on positive incentives, under the Convention on Biological Diversity. For more information on this, see Aichi Target 3 under the website of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (BIP).</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>a) This indicator can be disaggregated by donor, by recipient country (or region), by type of finance, by type of aid, by sub-sector, by policy marker (e.g. gender), etc.</p>
<p>b) Information is available by country at the individual policy instrument level.</p>

<h1p><strong>Data availability:</h1>
<h2>Description:</h2strong></p>
<p>Aa) The Rio biodiversity marker was introduced in 2002 and data are available since then for most DAC members, with improvements in reporting over time. Not all other providers report their data at an activity level though.</p>
<p>Provisional data classification: Tier I</p>
<p>Bb) Currently more than 110 countries are contributing data to the PINE database. As of March 2020, the database contained more than 3 500 policy instruments for the environment, of which 3 100 were in force. The environmental domains covered by the database include biodiversity, climate, air pollution, among others.</p>
<h2p><strong>Time series:</h2strong></p>
<p>Aa) The data are available since 1996 on an annual basis, with time series since 1950.</p>
<p>Bb) The data series is annual and data is available from before 1980. </p>
<p>The PINE database exists since 1996, with the added feature of tagging biodiversity-relevant instruments introduced in 2017. The biodiversity-relevant information in the PINE database is being used to monitor progress towards Aichi Target 3 on positive incentives, under the Convention on Biological Diversity. For more information on this, see Aichi Target 3 under the website of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (BIP).</p>
<h2p><strong>Disaggregation:</h2strong></p>
<p>Aa) This indicator can be disaggregated by donor, by recipient country (or region), by type of finance, by type of aid, by sub-sector, by policy marker (e.g. gender), etc.</p>
<p>Bb) Information is available by country at the individual policy instrument level.</p>

<p>a) The data collected by the OECD/DAC Secretariat are official data provided by national statistical reporters in each providing country/agency. The OECD/DAC Secretariat is responsible for checking, validating and publishing these data. </p>
<p>b) Data are provided by competent national authorities. The OECD Secretariat conducts regular checks to identify errors or missing data.</p>

<h2>Quality assurance:</h2>
<p>Aa) The data collected by the OECD/DAC Secretariat are official data provided by national statistical reporters in each providing country/agency. The OECD/DAC Secretariat is responsible for checking, validating and publishing these data. </p>
<p>Bb) Data are provided by competent national authorities. The OECD Secretariat conducts regular checks to identify errors or missing data.</p>

<p>a) The DAC statistical Reporting Directives govern the reporting of DAC statistics, and are reviewed and agreed by the DAC Working Party of Development Finance Statistics, see: <a href="https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD/DAC/STAT(2018)9/FINAL/en/pdf"><u>https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD/DAC/STAT(2018)9/FINAL/en/pdf</u></a></p>
<p>b) The OECD provides instructions and a formatted questionnaire for countries to provide data.</p>

<h2>Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:</h2>
<p>Ap>a) The DAC statistical Reporting Directives govern the reporting of DAC statistics, and are reviewed and agreed by the DAC Working Party of Development Finance Statistics, see: <a href="https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD/DAC/STAT(2018)9/FINAL/en/pdf"><u>https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD/DAC/STAT(2018)9/FINAL/en/pdf</u></a></p>
<p>Bb) The OECD provides instructions and a formatted questionnaire for countries to provide data.</p>

<p>a) Data are reported at a country level. </p>
<p>b) Data are reported at national and sub-national level, depending on the scope of the policy instrument.</p>

<h2>Regional aggregates:</h2>
<p>Aa) Data are reported at a country level. </p>
<p>Bb) Data are reported at national and sub-national level, depending on the scope of the policy instrument.</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>At country level</strong>
<ol>
<li>and b) No attempt is made to estimate missing values.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong>At regional and global levels</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>a) and b) No attempt is made to estimate missing values.</p>

<h2>Treatment of missing values:</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>At country level:</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>A) <ol>
<li>and Bb) No attempt is made to estimate missing values.</p>
<ulli>
</ol>
</li>
<li><strong><em>At regional and global levels:</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Aa) and Bb) No attempt is made to estimate missing values.</p>

<p>a) This indicator is calculated as the sum of all ODA flows from all donors to developing countries that have biodiversity as a principal or significant objective, thus marked with the Rio marker for biodiversity.</p>
<p>b) Countries are requested to report on when the policy instrument was introduced, what it applies to, the geographical coverage, the environmental domain, the industries concerned; the revenues, costs or rates; whether the revenue is earmarked; and exemptions.</p>

<h1>Methodology</h1>
<h2>Computation method:</h2>
<p>Ap>a) This indicator is calculated as the sum of all ODA flows from all donors to developing countries that have biodiversity as a principal or significant objective, thus marked with the Rio marker for biodiversity.</p>
<p>Bb) Countries are requested to report on when the policy instrument was introduced, what it applies to, the geographical coverage, the environmental domain, the industries concerned; the revenues, costs or rates; whether the revenue is earmarked; and exemptions.</p>

<p>a) OECD CRS data are available since 1973. However, the data coverage at an activity level is considered complete from 1995 for commitments and 2002 for disbursements. The Rio biodiversity marker was introduced in 2002.</p>
<p>b) The OECD PINE database tracks the biodiversity-relevant economic instruments that countries have put in place, and countries are encouraged to also provide information on the revenue and finance channelled via each of the instruments. The comprehensiveness of data provided currently varies across the biodiversity-relevant economic instruments. The data on revenue generated by biodiversity-relevant taxes is currently the most comprehensive. For the data on biodiversity-relevant fees and charges, for example, of the total number of these instruments currently reported to the PINE database, 42% also include data on the finance they generate. </p>
<p>Like all data provided by a diffuse set of respondents, the data is subject to missing values, human error, and differences in interpretation of the provided definitions. However, all possible efforts have been made to ensure that the data is complete, accurate, and comparable across countries.</p>

<h2>Comments and limitations:</h2>
<p>Ap>a) OECD CRS data are available since 1973. However, the data coverage at an activity level is considered complete from 1995 for commitments and 2002 for disbursements. The Rio biodiversity marker was introduced in 2002.</p>
<p>Bb) The OECD PINE database tracks the biodiversity-relevant economic instruments that countries have put in place, and countries are encouraged to also provide information on the revenue and finance channelled via each of the instruments. The comprehensiveness of data provided currently varies across the biodiversity-relevant economic instruments. The data on revenue generated by biodiversity-relevant taxes is currently the most comprehensive. For the data on biodiversity-relevant fees and charges, for example, of the total number of these instruments currently reported to the PINE database, 42% also include data on the finance they generate. </p>
<p>Like all data provided by a diffuse set of respondents, the data is subject to missing values, human error, and differences in interpretation of the provided definitions. However, all possible efforts have been made to ensure that the data is complete, accurate, and comparable across countries.</p>