2. SDG Metadata
3. 15-5-1
4. English

<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://www.iucn.org/assessment/red-list-index">https://www.iucn.org/assessment/red-list-index</a> </p>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<p>These metadata are based on <a href="https://www.bipindicators.net/indicators/red-list-index">https://www.bipindicators.net/indicators/red-list-index</a> and the references listed below.</p>
<p>BAILLIE, J. E. M. et al. (2004). 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: a Global Species Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9830">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9830</a>. </p>
<p>BROOKS, T. M. et al. (2015). Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals. Biodiversity 16: 157&#x2013;174. Available from <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903</a>. </p>
<p>BUBB, P.J. et al. (2009). IUCN Red List Index - Guidance for National and Regional Use. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9321">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9321</a>.</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. (2008). Red List Indices to measure the sustainability of species use and impacts of invasive alien species. Bird Conservation International 18 (suppl.): 245&#x2013;262. Available from <a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BCI">http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BCI</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2007). Improvements to the Red List Index. PLoS ONE 2(1): e140. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000140">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000140</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2006). Biodiversity indicators based on trends in conservation status: strengths of the IUCN Red List Index. Conservation Biology 20: 579&#x2013;581. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00410.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00410.x/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2005). Using Red List Indices to measure progress towards the 2010 target and beyond. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 360: 255&#x2013;268. Available from <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/255.full">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/255.full</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2004). Measuring global trends in the status of biodiversity: Red List Indices for birds. PLoS Biology 2(12): e383. Available from <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020383">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020383</a>. </p>
<p>CARPENTER, K. E. et al. (2008). One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321: 560&#x2013;563. Available from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1159196">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1159196</a> . </p>
<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>. </p>
<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/</a>. </p>
<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: <a href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf">https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>DIAS, M.P, SIMKINS, A.T., &amp; PEARMAIN, E.J. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating and plotting national RLIs weighted by the proportion of each species&#x2019; distribution within a country or region. <a href="https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes</a>. </p>
<p>CROXALL, J. P. et al. (2012). Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conservation International 22: 1&#x2013;34. </p>
<p>G&#xC4;RDENFORS, U. (ed.) (2010). R&#xF6;dlistade arter i Sverige 2010 &#x2013; The 2010 Red List of Swedish Species. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala.</p>
<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046</a>. </p>
<p>HOFFMANN, M. et al. (2010). The impact of conservation on the status of the world&#x2019;s vertebrates. Science 330: 1503&#x2013;1509. Available from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1194442">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1194442</a>. </p>
<p>HOFFMANN, M. et al. (2011). The changing fates of the world&#x2019;s mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 2598&#x2013;2610. Available from <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1578/2598.abstract">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1578/2598.abstract</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN SPSC (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. International Union for Conservation of Nature &#x2013; Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2012a). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2012b). Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National</p>
<p>Levels: Version 4.0. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2013). Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List assessments and species accounts. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines</a>.</p>
<p>IUCN (2015). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>. </p>
<p>MACE, G. M. et al. (2008) Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN&#x2019;s system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology 22: 1424&#x2013;1442. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x/full</a>. </p>
<p>MCGEOCH, M. A. et al. (2010) Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses. Diversity and Distributions 16: 95&#x2013;108. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>PIHL, S. &amp; FLENSTED, K. N. (2011). A Red List Index for breeding birds in Denmark in the period 1991-2009. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 211-218.</p>
<p>REGAN, E. et al. (2015). Global trends in the status of bird and mammal pollinators. Conservation Letters. doi: 10.1111/conl.12162. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12162/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12162/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2014). Spatially explicit trends in the global conservation status of vertebrates. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113934. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113934">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113934</a>. </p>
<p>SALAFSKY, N., et al. (2008) A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology 22: 897&#x2013;911. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x/full</a>. </p>
<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484</a>. </p>
<p>VISCONTI, P. et al. (2015) Projecting global biodiversity indicators under future development scenarios. Conservation Letters. doi: 10.1111/conl.12159. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12159/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12159/abstract</a>.</p>

<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://www.iucn.org/assessment/red-list-index;">https://www.iucn.org/assessment/red-list-index</a> </p>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<p>These metadata are based on <a href="https://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-7-Proportion-of-species-threatened-with-extinction.ashx, supplemented by www.bipindicators.net/indicators/red-list-index">https://www.bipindicators.net/rli/2010indicators/red-list-index</a> and the references listed below.</p>
<p>BAILLIE, J. E. M. et al. (2004). 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: a Global Species Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9830">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9830</a>. </p>
<p>BROOKS, T. M. et al. (2015). Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals. Biodiversity 16: 157&#x2013;174. Available from <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14888386.2015.1075903</a>. </p>
<p>BUBB, P.J. et al. (2009). IUCN Red List Index - Guidance for National and Regional Use. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9321">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9321</a>.</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.shortdoi/10.1126/science.1187512">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. (2008). Red List Indices to measure the sustainability of species use and impacts of invasive alien species. Bird Conservation International 18 (suppl.): 245&#x2013;262. Available from <a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BCI">http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=BCI</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2007). Improvements to the Red List Index. PLoS ONE 2(1): e140. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000140">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000140</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2006). Biodiversity indicators based on trends in conservation status: strengths of the IUCN Red List Index. Conservation Biology 20: 579&#x2013;581. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00410.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00410.x/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2005). Using Red List Indices to measure progress towards the 2010 target and beyond. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 360: 255&#x2013;268. Available from <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/255.full">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/255.full</a>. </p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2004). Measuring global trends in the status of biodiversity: Red List Indices for birds. PLoS Biology 2(12): e383. Available from <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020383">http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020383</a>. </p>
<p>CARPENTER, K. E. et al. (2008). One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321: 560&#x2013;563. Available from <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/content/321/5888/560.shortdoi/10.1126/science.1159196">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1159196</a> . </p>
<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>. </p>
<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/</a>. </p>
<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: <a href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf">https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>DIAS, M.P, SIMKINS, A.T., &amp; PEARMAIN, E.J. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating and plotting national RLIs weighted by the proportion of each species&#x2019; distribution within a country or region. <a href="https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes</a>. </p>
<p>CROXALL, J. P. et al. (2012). Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conservation International 22: 1&#x2013;34. </p>
<p>G&#xC4;RDENFORS, U. (ed.) (2010). R&#xF6;dlistade arter i Sverige 2010 &#x2013; The 2010 Red List of Swedish Species. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala.</p>
<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046</a>. </p>
<p>HOFFMANN, M. et al. (2010). The impact of conservation on the status of the world&#x2019;s vertebrates. Science 330: 1503&#x2013;1509. Available from <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6010/1503.shortdoi/10.1126/science.1194442">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1194442</a>. </p>
<p>HOFFMANN, M. et al. (2011). The changing fates of the world&#x2019;s mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 2598&#x2013;2610. Available from <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1578/2598.abstract">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1578/2598.abstract</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN SPSC (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. International Union for Conservation of Nature &#x2013; Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGresources/redlistguidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2012a). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2012b). Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National</p>
<p>Levels: Version 4.0. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</a>. </p>
<p>IUCN (2013). Documentation Standards and Consistency Checks for IUCN Red List assessments and species accounts. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/RL_Standards_Consistency.pdfwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines</a>.</p>
<p>IUCN (2015). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>. </p>
<p>MACE, G. M. et al. (2008) Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN&#x2019;s system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology 22: 1424&#x2013;1442. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x/full</a>. </p>
<p>MCGEOCH, M. A. et al. (2010) Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses. Diversity and Distributions 16: 95&#x2013;108. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>PIHL, S. &amp; FLENSTED, K. N. (2011). A Red List Index for breeding birds in Denmark in the period 1991-2009. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 211-218.</p>
<p>REGAN, E. et al. (2015). Global trends in the status of bird and mammal pollinators. Conservation Letters. doi: 10.1111/conl.12162. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12162/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12162/abstract</a>. </p>
<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2014). Spatially explicit trends in the global conservation status of vertebrates. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113934. Available from <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113934">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113934</a>. </p>
<p>SALAFSKY, N., et al. (2008) A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology 22: 897&#x2013;911. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x/full</a>. </p>
<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.shortdoi/10.1126/science.1257484">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484</a>. </p>
<p>VISCONTI, P. et al. (2015) Projecting global biodiversity indicators under future development scenarios. Conservation Letters. doi: 10.1111/conl.12159. Available from <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12159/abstract"><u>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12159/abstract</u></a>.</p>

<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>The Red List Index has been classified by the IAEG-SDGs as Tier 1. Current data are available for all countries in the world, and these are updated annually. Index values for each country are available in the UN SDG Indicators Database <a href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/">https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/</a>. Red List Index graphs and underlying index data are available for each country, SDG regions, IPBES region, CMS region and various thematic disaggregations at <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search">https://www.iucnredlist.org/search</a>. Red List Index graphs are also available for each country in the BIP Indicators Dashboard (<a href="https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html">https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html</a>), the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Country Profiles (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>), and (for birds) on the BirdLife International Data Zone (http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/dashboard).</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>The Red List Index can be downscaled to show national and regional Red List Indices, weighted by the fraction of each species&#x2019; distribution occurring within the country or region, building on the method published by Rodrigues et al. (2014) PLoS ONE 9(11): e113934. These show an index of how well species are conserved in a country or region to its potential contribution to global species conservation (for the taxonomic groups of species included). The index is calculated as: </p>
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<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mfenced>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></p>
<p>where t is the year of comprehensive reassessment, u is the spatial unit (i.e. country), W_((t,s)) is the weight of the global Red List category for species s at time t (Least Concern =0, Near Threatened =1, Vulnerable =2, Endangered =3, Critically Endangered =4, Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) =5, Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild) =5, Extinct in the Wild =5 and Extinct =5), WEX = 5 is the weight for Extinct species, r_su is the fraction of the total range of species s in unit u, and R_s is the total range size of species s.</p>
<p>The index varies from 1 if the country has contributed the minimum it can to the global RLI (i.e., if the numerator is 0 because all species in the country are Least Concern) to 0 if the country has contributed the maximum it can to the global RLI (i.e., if the numerator equals the denominator because all species in the country are Extinct or Possibly Extinct). </p>
<p>The taxonomic groups included are those in which all species have been assessed for the IUCN Red List more than once. Red List categories for years in which comprehensive assessments (i.e. those in which all species in the taxonomic group have been assessed) were carried out are determined following the approach of Butchart et al. 2007; PLoS ONE 2(1): e140, i.e. they match the current categories except for those taxa that have undergone genuine improvement or deterioration in extinction risk of sufficient magnitude to qualify for a higher or lower Red List category.</p>
<p>The indicator can also be disaggregated by ecosystems, habitats, and other political and geographic divisions (e.g., Han et al. 2014), by taxonomic subsets (e.g., Hoffmann et al. 2011), by suites of species relevant to particular international treaties or legislation (e.g., Croxall et al. 2012), by suites of species exposed to particular threatening processes (e.g., Butchart 2008), and by suites of species that deliver particular ecosystem services, or have particular biological or life-history traits (e.g., Regan et al. 2015). In each case, information can be obtained from The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to determine which species are relevant to particular subsets (e.g., which occur in particular ecosystems, habitats, and geographic areas of interest). These disaggregations are available on the IUCN Red List website at https://www.iucnredlist.org/search.</p>
<p>Disaggregations of the Red List Index are also of particular relevance as indicators towards the following SDG targets (Brooks et al. 2015): SDG 2.4 Red List Index (species used for food and medicine); SDG 2.5 Red List Index (wild relatives and local breeds); SDG 12.2 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); SDG 12.4 Red List Index (impacts of pollution); SDG 13.1 Red List Index (impacts of climate change); SDG 14.1 Red List Index (impacts of pollution on marine species); SDG 14.2 Red List Index (marine species); SDG 14.3 Red List Index (reef-building coral species) (Carpenter et al. 2008); SDG 14.4 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation on marine species); SDG 15.1 Red List Index (terrestrial &amp; freshwater species); SDG 15.2 Red List Index (forest-specialist species); SDG 15.4 Red List Index (mountain species); SDG 15.7 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); and SDG 15.8 Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) (Butchart 2008, McGeoch et al. 2010).</p>

<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>The Red List Index has been classified by the IAEG-SDGs as Tier 1. Current data are available for all countries in the world, and these are updated annually. Index values for each country are available in the UN SDG Indicators Database <a href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/">https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/</a>. Red List Index graphs and underlying index data are available for each country, SDG regions, IPBES region, CMS region and various thematic disaggregations at <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search">https://www.iucnredlist.org/search</a>. Red List Index graphs are also available for each country in the BIP Indicators Dashboard (<a href="https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html">https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html</a>), the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Country Profiles (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>), and (for birds) on the BirdLife International Data Zone (http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/dashboard).</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>The Red List Index can be downscaled to show national and regional Red List Indices, weighted by the fraction of each species&#x2019; distribution occurring within the country or region, building on the method published by Rodrigues et al. (2014) PLoS ONE 9(11): e113934. These show an index of how well species are conserved in a country or region to its potential contribution to global species conservation (for the taxonomic groups of species included). The index is calculated as: </p>
<p>RLI(t,u) = 1 &#x2013; [(Ss(W(t,s) * (rsu/Rs)) / (WEX * Ss (rsu/Rs))<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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<mrow>
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<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
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</mrow>
<mrow>
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</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
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<mrow>
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</math></p>
<p>where t is the year of comprehensive reassessment, u is the spatial unit (i.e. country), W_((t,s)) is the weight of the global Red List category for species s at time t (Least Concern =0, Near Threatened =1, Vulnerable =2, Endangered =3, Critically Endangered =4, Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) =5, Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild) =5, Extinct in the Wild =5 and Extinct =5), WEX = 5 is the weight for Extinct species, r_su is the fraction of the total range of species s in unit u, and R_s is the total range size of species s.</p>
<p>The index varies from 1 if the country has contributed the minimum it can to the global RLI (i.e., if the numerator is 0 because all species in the country are Least Concern) to 0 if the country has contributed the maximum it can to the global RLI (i.e., if the numerator equals the denominator because all species in the country are Extinct or Possibly Extinct). </p>
<p>The taxonomic groups included are those in which all species have been assessed for the IUCN Red List more than once. Red List categories for years in which comprehensive assessments (i.e. those in which all species in the taxonomic group have been assessed) were carried out are determined following the approach of Butchart et al. 2007; PLoS ONE 2(1): e140, i.e. they match the current categories except for those taxa that have undergone genuine improvement or deterioration in extinction risk of sufficient magnitude to qualify for a higher or lower Red List category.</p>
<p>The indicator can also be disaggregated by ecosystems, habitats, and other political and geographic divisions (e.g., Han et al. 2014), by taxonomic subsets (e.g., Hoffmann et al. 2011), by suites of species relevant to particular international treaties or legislation (e.g., Croxall et al. 2012), by suites of species exposed to particular threatening processes (e.g., Butchart 2008), and by suites of species that deliver particular ecosystem services, or have particular biological or life-history traits (e.g., Regan et al. 2015). In each case, information can be obtained from The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to determine which species are relevant to particular subsets (e.g., which occur in particular ecosystems, habitats, and geographic areas of interest). These disaggregations are available on the IUCN Red List website at https://www.iucnredlist.org/search.</p>
<p>Disaggregations of the Red List Index are also of particular relevance as indicators towards the following SDG targets (Brooks et al. 2015): SDG 2.4 Red List Index (species used for food and medicine); SDG 2.5 Red List Index (wild relatives and local breeds); SDG 12.2 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); SDG 12.4 Red List Index (impacts of pollution); SDG 13.1 Red List Index (impacts of climate change); SDG 14.1 Red List Index (impacts of pollution on marine species); SDG 14.2 Red List Index (marine species); SDG 14.3 Red List Index (reef-building coral species) (Carpenter et al. 2008); SDG 14.4 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation on marine species); SDG 15.1 Red List Index (terrestrial &amp; freshwater species); SDG 15.2 Red List Index (forest-specialist species); SDG 15.4 Red List Index (mountain species); SDG 15.7 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); and SDG 15.8 Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) (Butchart 2008, McGeoch et al. 2010).</p>

<p>The IUCN Red List is governed by a Red List Committee (<a href="https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-red-list-committee">https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-red-list-committee</a>), comprising representatives from the Red List Partnership, the IUCN Species Survival Commission, and the IUCN Secretariat. This committee establishes and maintains the Red List Strategic Plan, including ongoing evaluation of fitness for use i.e. the degree to which the IUCN Red List meets user&#x2019;s requirements. This encompasses, inter alia, considerations of relevance, accuracy, timeliness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and accessibility. </p>

<p>High.The IUCN Red List is governed by a Red List Committee (<a href="https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-red-list-committee">https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-red-list-committee</a>), comprising representatives from the Red List Partnership, the IUCN Species Survival Commission, and the IUCN Secretariat. This committee establishes and maintains the Red List Strategic Plan, including ongoing evaluation of fitness for use i.e. the degree to which the IUCN Red List meets user&#x2019;s requirements. This encompasses, inter alia, considerations of relevance, accuracy, timeliness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and accessibility. </p>

<p>See above, and full documentation in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure</a>) in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf">https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</a>). In sum: all Red List assessments are peer reviewed through the relevant Red List Authority for the species or species group in question; and all Red List assessments undergo consistency checks (to ensure consistency with assessments submitted for other taxonomic groups, regions, processes, etc.) by the Red List Unit before publication on the Red List website (<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>). Finally, the Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (elected each four years by the government and non-governmental Members of IUCN) appoints a Chair for a Standards and Petitions Sub-Committee (<a href="https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-standards-and-petitions-committee">https://www.iucn.org/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-standards-and-petitions-committee</a>), which is responsible for ensuring the quality and standards of the IUCN Red List and for ruling on petitions against the listings of species on the IUCN Red List. </p>

<p>See above, and full documentation in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Rwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/R">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf</u></a>) in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</u></a>). In sum: all Red List assessments are peer reviewed through the relevant Red List Authority for the species or species group in question; and all Red List assessments undergo consistency checks (to ensure consistency with assessments submitted for other taxonomic groups, regions, processes, etc.) by the Red List Unit before publication on the Red List website (<a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/"><u>http://www.iucnredlist.org/</u></a>). Finally, the Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (elected each four years by the government and non-governmental Members of IUCN) appoints a Chair for a Standards and Petitions Sub-Committee (<a href="https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/about/species-survival-commission/ssc-leadership-and-steering-committee/sub-committees/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-standards-and-petitions-subcommittee"><u>https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/about/species-survival-commission/ssc-leadership-and-steering-committee/sub-committees/our-union/commissions/group/iucn-ssc-standards-and-petitions-subcommittee</u></a>), which is responsible for ensuring the quality and standards of the IUCN Red List and for ruling on petitions against the listings of species on the IUCN Red List. </p>

<p>See above and below, and full documentation in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure</a>) in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf">https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</a>).</p>

<p>See above and below, and full documentation in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Rwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/R">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf</u></a>) in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</u></a>).</p>

<p><strong>Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:</strong></p>
<p>See above. In sum: the data underlying the Red List Index are compiled under the authority of the IUCN Red List Committee, through application of the IUCN Red List Categories &amp; Criteria (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</a>). This includes submissions of endemics from national red list processes, where these have been conducted following the &#x201C;Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels&#x201D; (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</a>) and following the &#x201C;Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments&#x201D; (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines</a>). Assessments may be submitted in all three IUCN languages (English, French and Spanish) and Portuguese. All assessments are peer reviewed through the relevant Red List Authority for the species or species group in question, as documented in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules-of-procedure</a>); see in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf">https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</a>).</p>
<p>The key document providing international recommendations and guidelines to countries and all involved in application of the IUCN Red List Categories &amp; Criteria (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</a>) is the &#x201C;Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria&#x201D; (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines</a>; available in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) accompanied by the &#x201C;Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments&#x201D;. For countries (and regions), this is supplemented by the &#x201C;Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels&#x201D; (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</a>). To support the calculation of Red List Indices for any given country (or region), &#x201C;Code (and documentation) for calculating and plotting national RLIs weighted by the proportion of each species&#x2019; distribution within a country or region&#x201D; is posted online (Dias et al. 2020; <a href="https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes</a>). </p>
<p>Methods for generating national disaggregations of the Red List Index are described below in section 5 on Data availability and disaggregation.</p>

<p><strong>Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:</strong></p>
<p>See above. In sum: the data underlying the Red List Index are compiled under the authority of the IUCN Red List Committee, through application of the IUCN Red List Categories &amp; Criteria (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315"><u>https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</u></a>). This includes submissions of endemics from national red list processes, where these have been conducted following the &#x201C;Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels&#x201D; (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336"><u>https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</u></a>) and following the &#x201C;Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments&#x201D; (<a href="https://goo.gl/O52euG"><uwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines">https://goo.gl/O52euG</u>www.iucnredlist.org/resources/supporting-information-guidelines</a>). Assessments may be submitted in all three IUCN languages (English, French and Spanish) and Portuguese. All assessments are peer reviewed through the relevant Red List Authority for the species or species group in question, as documented in the Red List Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Rwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/R">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/rules_of_P-of-procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_Assessments_2017-2020.pdf</u></a>); see in particular Annex 3, the &#x201C;Details of the Steps Involved in the IUCN Red List Process&#x201D; (<a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocumentnc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf"><u>https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocumentnc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Details_of_the_Steps_Involved_in_the_IUCN_Red_List_Process.pdf</u></a>).</p>
<p>The key document providing international recommendations and guidelines to countries and all involved in application of the IUCN Red List Categories &amp; Criteria (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315"><u>https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315</u></a>) is the &#x201C;Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria&#x201D; (in English - <a href="https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf"><u">https://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGwww.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines.pdf</u></a>; and in French - <a href="http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/RedListGuidelines_FR.pdf"><u>http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/RedListGuidelines_FR.pdf</u></a>vailable in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) accompanied by the &#x201C;Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments&#x201D;. For countries (and regions), this is supplemented by the &#x201C;Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels&#x201D; (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336"><u>https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10336</u></a>). To support the calculation of Red List Indices for any given country (or region), &#x201C;Code (and documentation) for calculating and plotting national RLIs weighted by the proportion of each species&#x2019; distribution within a country or region&#x201D; is posted online (Dias et al. 2020; <a href="https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/rli-codes</a>). </p>
<p>Methods for generating national disaggregations of the Red List Index are described below in section 5 on Data availability and disaggregation.</p>

<p>The Red List Categories and Criteria are applied for each species on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and are determined globally and provided principally by the Specialist Groups and stand-alone Red List Authorities of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN Secretariat-led initiatives, and Red List partner organizations. The staff of the IUCN Global Species Programme compile, validate, and curate these data, and are responsible for publishing and communicating the results. Each individual species assessment is supported by the application of metadata and documentation standards (IUCN 2013), including classifications of, for example, threats and conservation actions (Salafsky et al. 2008). </p>
<p>Red List assessments are undertaken either through open workshops or open-access web-based discussion fora. Assessments are reviewed by the appropriate Red List Authority (an individual or organization appointed by the IUCN Species Survival Commission to review assessments for specific species or groups of species) to ensure standardisation and consistency in the interpretation of information and application of the criteria. A Red List Technical Working Group and the IUCN Red List Unit work to ensure consistent categorization between species, groups and assessments. Finally, a Standards and Petitions Sub-committee monitors the process and resolves challenges and disputes over Red List assessments.</p>
<p>In addition, IUCN publishes guidelines on applying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria at regional or national scales (IUCN 2012b). Based on these, many countries have initiated programmes to assess the extinction risk of species occurring within their borders. These countries will be able to implement the Red List Index based on national extinction risk, once they have carried out at least two national Red Lists using the IUCN system in a consistent way (Bubb et al. 2009). An increasing number of countries have now completed national Red List Indices for a range of taxa (e.g., G&#xE4;rdenfors 2010, Pihl &amp; Flensted 2011).</p>
<p>While global Red List Indices can be disaggregated to show trends for species at smaller spatial scales, the reverse is not true. National or regional Red List Indices cannot be aggregated to produce Red List Indices showing global trends. This is because a taxon&#x2019;s global extinction risk has to be evaluated at the global scale and cannot be directly determined from multiple national scale assessments across its range (although the data from such assessments can be aggregated for inclusion in the global assessment).</p>
<p>Methods for generating regional disaggregations of the Red List Index are described below in section 5 on Data availability and disaggregation.</p>

<p>The Red List Categories and Criteria are applied for each species on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and are determined globally and provided principally by the Specialist Groups and stand-alone Red List Authorities of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN Secretariat-led initiatives, and Red List partner organizations. The staff of the IUCN Global Species Programme compile, validate, and curate these data, and are responsible for publishing and communicating the results. Each individual species assessment is supported by the application of metadata and documentation standards (IUCN 2013), including classifications of, for example, threats and conservation actions (Salafsky et al. 2008). </p>
<p>Red List assessments are undertaken either through either open workshops or through open-access web-based discussion fora. Assessments are reviewed by the appropriate Red List Authority (an individual or organization appointed by the IUCN Species Survival Commission to review assessments for specific species or groups of species) to ensure standardisation and consistency in the interpretation of information and application of the criteria. A Red List Technical Working Group and the IUCN Red List Unit work to ensure consistent categorization between species, groups and assessments. Finally, a Standards and Petitions Sub-committee monitors the process and resolves challenges and disputes over Red List assessments.</p>
<p>In addition, IUCN publishes guidelines on applying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria at regional or national scales (IUCN 2012b). Based on these, many countries have initiated programmes to assess the extinction risk of species occurring within their borders. These countries will be able to implement the Red List Index based on national extinction risk, once they have carried out at least two national Red Lists using the IUCN system in a consistent way (Bubb et al. 2009). An increasing number of countries have now completed national Red List Indices for a range of taxa (e.g., G&#xE4;rdenfors 2010, Pihl &amp; Flensted 2011).</p>
<p>While global Red List Indices can be disaggregated to show trends for species at smaller spatial scales, the reverse is not true. National or regional Red List Indices cannot be aggregated to produce Red List Indices showing global trends. This is because a taxon&#x2019;s global extinction risk has to be evaluated at the global scale and cannot be directly determined from multiple national scale assessments across its range (although the data from such assessments can be aggregated for inclusion in the global assessment).</p>
<p>Methods for generating regional disaggregations of the Red List Index are described below in section 5 on Data availability and disaggregation.</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>At country level</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Red List Indices for each taxonomic group are interpolated linearly for years between data points and extrapolated linearly (with a slope equal to that between the two closest assessed points, except for corals) back to the earliest time point and forwards to the present for years for which estimates are not available. The start year of the aggregated index is set as ten years before the first assessment year for the taxonomic group with the latest starting point. Corals are not extrapolated linearly because declines are known to have been much steeper subsequent to 1996 (owing to extreme bleaching events) than before. Therefore, the rate of decline prior to 1996 is set as the average of the rates for the other taxonomic groups.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>At regional and global levels</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The Red List Index is calculated globally based on assessments of extinction risk of each species included, because many species have distributions that span many countries. Thus, while there is certainly uncertainty around the Red List Index, there are no missing values as such, and so no imputation is necessary.</p>

<ul>
<li><strong>At country level</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Red List Indices for each taxonomic group are interpolated linearly for years between data points and extrapolated linearly (with a slope equal to that between the two closest assessed points, except for corals) back to the earliest time point and forwards to the present for years for which estimates are not available. The start year of the aggregated index is set as ten years before the first assessment year for the taxonomic group with the latest starting point. Corals are not extrapolated linearly because declines are known to have been much steeper subsequent to 1996 (owing to extreme bleaching events) than before. Therefore, the rate of decline prior to 1996 is set as the average of the rates for the other taxonomic groups.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>At regional and global levels</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The Red List Index is calculated globally based on assessments of extinction risk of each species included, because many species have distributions that span many countries. Thus, while there is certainly uncertainty around the Red List Index, there are no missing values as such, and so no imputation is necessary.</p>

<p>Red List Assessments are checked before submission to IUCN by Assessors and Red List Authority Coordinators, to ensure that all of the required supporting information is provided in the appropriate format, distribution maps follow the required mapping standards (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/mappingstandards">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/mappingstandards</a>), and the IUCN Red List Criteria have been applied appropriately and consistently following IUCN Guidelines (IUCN SPSC 2019). For further details, see <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/process">https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/process</a>. All submitted assessments must be reviewed by at least one Reviewer designated by the Red List Authority. For more details on the review process, see the Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Rules_of_Procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_2017-2020.pdf">https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Rules_of_Procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_2017-2020.pdf</a>).</p>
<p>When Red List Indices are updated each year, the updated index (and underlying numbers of species in each Red List Category) are made available for review by countries prior to submission to the SDG Indicators Database. This is achieved through updating the country profiles in the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and circulating these for consultation and review to CBD National Focal Points, SDG National Statistical Office Focal Points, and IUCN State Members.</p>

<p>Red List Assessments are checked before submission to IUCN by Assessors and Red List Authority Coordinators, to ensure that all of the required supporting information is provided in the appropriate format, distribution maps follow the required mapping standards (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/mappingstandards">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/mappingstandards</a>), and the IUCN Red List Criteria have been applied appropriately and consistently following IUCN Guidelines (IUCN SPSC 2019). For further details, see <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/process">https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/process</a>. All submitted assessments must be reviewed by at least one Reviewer designated by the Red List Authority. For more details on the review process, see the Rules of Procedure (<a href="https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Rules_of_Procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_2017-2020.pdf">https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/Rules_of_Procedure_for_IUCN_Red_List_2017-2020.pdf</a>).</p>
<p>When Red List Indices are updated each year, the updated index (and underlying numbers of species in each Red List Category) are made available for review by countries prior to submission to the SDG Indicators Database. This is achieved through updating the country profiles in the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and circulating these for consultation and review to CBD National Focal Points, SDG National Statistical Office Focal Points, and IUCN State Members.</p>