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Project website github.com/worldbank/sdg-metadata
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More detailed instructions to come.
Project maintainers User avatar brockfanning
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Language Spanish
Language code es
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Number of speakers 506,540,366
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Plural type One/many/other
Plurals One 1
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Untranslated strings 28% 9 15% 761 14% 6,601
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<p>ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2. Tech. Rep. Available at:<strong> </strong><a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf"><u>maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>FAO-GTOS. (2009). <em>Land Cover: Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables</em>. Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome. </p>
<p>IPBES (2018): <em>Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</em>. R. Scholes, L. Montanarella, A. Brainich, N. Barger, B. ten Brink, M. Cantele, B. Erasmus, J. Fisher, T. Gardner, T. G. Holland, F. Kohler, J. S. Kotiaho, G. Von Maltitz, G. Nangendo, R. Pandit, J. Parrotta, M. D. Potts, S. Prince, M. Sankaran and L. Willemen (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 44 pages</p>
<p>K&#xF6;rner, C., Paulsen, J., &amp; Spehn, E. (2011). A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>
<p>Notarnicola, C. (2020) Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment </em>243, 111781.</p>
<p>Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., Wulder, M. A. (2014): Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change<em>. Remote Sensing of Environment</em>, 148, 42-57.</p>
<p>Ravilious, C., Tshwene-Mauchaza, B. and Kapos, V. (2021). <em>Validation and implementation of the Kapos Mountain Classification: Assessing the impact of DEM resolution on the mapping of mountain classes following the Kapos methodology</em>. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.</p>
<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> European Spatial Agency. European Spatial Agency. Retrieved from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>
<p>Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S. and Wheeler, I. (2021). <em>Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded Over Total Land Area. Version 2.0.</em> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn, Germany </p>
<p>UN Statistical Division (2014). <em>System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 &#x2014; Central Framework. </em>New York, USA.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC (2002). <em>Mountain Watch: Environmental change and sustainable development in mountains.</em> Cambridge, UK</p>
<p><strong>Annex 1.</strong> Land cover transition matrix for the 10 SEEA classes. Land cover change processes are color coded as improvement (green), stable (yellow) or degradation (red). (Adapted from Sims <em>et al</em>. 2021). </p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="10">
<p><strong>FINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="10">
<p><strong>ORIGINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial Surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of agriculture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Referencias</h1>
<p>Eurostat (2019). <em>Rejilla LUCAS</em>. Recuperado de Eurostat Your Key to European statistcs: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lucas/data/lucas-grid </p>
<p>Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Prince, M., &amp; Ravillous, C. (2000). Developing a map of the world&#x2019;s mountain forests. En M. F. Price , &amp; N. Butt (Eds.), <em>Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State-of-Knowledge Report for 2000</em> (pp. 4-9). Wallingford: CAB International.</p>
<p>Karagulle, D., Frye, C., Breyer, S., Aniello, P., Vaughan, R., &amp; Wright, D. (2017). Modelado de regiones globales de Hammond landform a partir de datos de elevación de 250 m. <em>Transacciones en SIG</em>. doi:10.1111/tgis.12265</p>
<p>K&#xF6;rner, C., Paulsen, J., &amp; Spehn, E. (2011). Una definición de las montañas y sus cinturones bioclimáticos para las comparaciones globales de los datos de biodiversidad. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>
<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> Agencia Espacial Europea. Agencia Espacial Europea. Recuperado de http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>
<p><a href="http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/">http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> (el ráster SIG de las montañas está disponible para su descarga en la barra de la derecha) </p>
<p><a href="http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html">http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html</a> </p>
<p><a href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf">http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf</a> </p>
<p><a href="http://www.fao.org/">http://www.fao.org/</a> </p>
a year ago
User avatar None

Source string changed
<p>ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2. Tech. Rep. Available at:<strong> </strong><a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf"><u>maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>FAO-GTOS. (2009). <em>Land Cover: Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables</em>. Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome. </p>
<p>IPBES (2018): <em>Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</em>. R. Scholes, L. Montanarella, A. Brainich, N. Barger, B. ten Brink, M. Cantele, B. Erasmus, J. Fisher, T. Gardner, T. G. Holland, F. Kohler, J. S. Kotiaho, G. Von Maltitz, G. Nangendo, R. Pandit, J. Parrotta, M. D. Potts, S. Prince, M. Sankaran and L. Willemen (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 44 pages</p>
<p>K&#xF6;rner, C., Paulsen, J., &amp; Spehn, E. (2011). A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>
<p>Notarnicola, C. (2020) Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment </em>243, 111781.</p>
<p>Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., Wulder, M. A. (2014): Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change<em>. Remote Sensing of Environment</em>, 148, 42-57.</p>
<p>Ravilious, C., Tshwene-Mauchaza, B. and Kapos, V. (2021). <em>Validation and implementation of the Kapos Mountain Classification: Assessing the impact of DEM resolution on the mapping of mountain classes following the Kapos methodology</em>. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.</p>
<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> European Spatial Agency. European Spatial Agency. Retrieved from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>
<p>Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S. and Wheeler, I. (2021). <em>Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded Over Total Land Area. Version 2.0.</em> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn, Germany </p>
<p>UN Statistical Division (2014). <em>System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 &#x2014; Central Framework. </em>New York, USA.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC (2002). <em>Mountain Watch: Environmental change and sustainable development in mountains.</em> Cambridge, UK</p>
<p><strong>Annex 1.</strong> Land cover transition matrix for the 10 SEEA classes. Land cover change processes are color coded as improvement (green), stable (yellow) or degradation (red). (Adapted from Sims <em>et al</em>. 2021). </p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="10">
<p><strong>FINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="10">
<p><strong>ORIGINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial Surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of agriculture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
a year ago
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String updated in the repository
<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>The indicator is generated by geospatial data and therefore has universal coverage. Countries with no values on the global SDG database are either A) countries with no mountains where the indicator is not applicable (indicated as NA) or B) countries that have not validated FAO&#x2019;s estimates and yet have not provided figures of their own.</p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>Country, regional and global figures are available since the year 2000. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2a, data is available for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2b, data is available for the reporting period 2000-2015 (baseline), 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>In the global SDG database, both sub-indicators are disaggregated by mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by K&#xF6;rner <em>et al. </em>(2011) (see section 2c. Classifications). In addition, sub-indicator 15.4.2a is disaggregated by the 10 SEEA classes included in Table 2. Those values are reported both as proportions (percent) and area (in square kilometres). </p>
<h1>Disponibilidad de datos</h1>
<p>El indicador se genera a partir de datos geoespaciales y, por tanto, tiene una cobertura universal. Los países que no tienen valores en la base de datos global de los ODS son A) países sin montañas en los que el indicador no es aplicable o B) países que no han validado las estimaciones de la FAO y que, sin embargo, no han proporcionado cifras propias.</p>
<ol>
<li>Los datos de la ICC de la AEE sobre la cubierta terrestre están disponibles de forma gratuita en <a href="https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164">https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164</a></li>
<li>Los datos de Kapos están disponibles gratuitamente en los siguientes enlaces:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Sitio web de la Alianza para las Montañas de la FAO, encontrar el archivo raster en el banner de la derecha. Acceso en <a href="http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/">http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> </li>
<li>La clasificación Kapos del USGS Mountain Explorer se puede encontrar como GME_K1classes.zip en: <a href="https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global/">https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global</a></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Los límites administrativos están disponibles en varias bases de datos globales en los siguientes enlaces:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Capa de Unidades Administrativas Mundiales (GAUL, por sus siglas en inglés) de la FAO <a href="https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004">https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004</a></li>
<li>Divas-GIS <a href="https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata">https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata</a> </li>
<li>Límites del segundo nivel administrativo de las Naciones Unidas (SALB) <a href="https://www.unsalb.org/">https://www.unsalb.org/</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Series temporales:</h2>
<p>Se dispone de cifras nacionales, regionales y mundiales para los años 2000, 2010, 2015 y 2018.</p>
<h2>Desagregación:</h2>
<p>En la base de datos global de los ODS, el indicador se desglosa por clase de elevación de la montaña (descriptor de montaña). En el portal de indicadores de los ODS de la FAO se encuentra disponible una dimensión de desagregación adicional, la clase de cubierta terrestre del IPCC. La combinación de seis clases de elevación y seis tipos principales de cobertura del suelo según la clasificación del IPCC da lugar a 36 desgloses diferentes por país y por año de referencia. </p>
a year ago
User avatar None

Source string changed
<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>The indicator is generated by geospatial data and therefore has universal coverage. Countries with no values on the global SDG database are either A) countries with no mountains where the indicator is not applicable (indicated as NA) or B) countries that have not validated FAO&#x2019;s estimates and yet have not provided figures of their own.</p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>Country, regional and global figures are available since the year 2000. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2a, data is available for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2b, data is available for the reporting period 2000-2015 (baseline), 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>In the global SDG database, both sub-indicators are disaggregated by mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by K&#xF6;rner <em>et al. </em>(2011) (see section 2c. Classifications). In addition, sub-indicator 15.4.2a is disaggregated by the 10 SEEA classes included in Table 2. Those values are reported both as proportions (percent) and area (in square kilometres). </p>
a year ago
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String updated in the repository
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a</strong>, Mountain Green Cover Index, is defined as: </p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
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<mi>e</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
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<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Mountain Green Cover Area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Sum of areas (in km<sup>2</sup>) covered by (1) tree-covered areas, (2) croplands, (3) grasslands, (4) shrub-covered areas and (5) shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded classes in the reporting period <em>n.</em> </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b</strong>, Proportion of degraded mountain area, is reported as a binary quantification (degraded/non-degraded) of the extent of degraded land over total mountain area, given by:</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
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<mi>o</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Degraded mountain area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Total degraded mountain area (in km<sup>2</sup>) in the reporting period <em>n.</em> This is, the sum of the areas where land cover change is considered to constitute degradation from the baseline period. Degraded mountain land will be assessed based on the land cover transition matrix in Annex 1. </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p>If the country/region has no mountain area, it will be assigned value NA.</p>
<h1>Metodología</h1>
<h2>Método de cálculo:</h2>
<p>El Índice de Cobertura Vegetal de Montaña se define como </p>
<p><em>MGCI = (Área de cobertura verde de la montaña/Área total de la montaña) X 100</em></p>
<p>Donde Área de Cobertura Verde de Montaña = Suma de las áreas cubiertas por las clases de cobertura terrestre de Tierras de Cultivo, Pastizales, Bosques y Humedales.</p>
<p>El descriptor de vegetación se calcula a partir de un mapa de cobertura del suelo utilizando funciones básicas del SIG. </p>
<p>Si el país/región no tiene zona de montaña, se le asignará el valor N/A.</p>
a year ago
User avatar None

Source string changed
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a</strong>, Mountain Green Cover Index, is defined as: </p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
 <mi>M</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
 <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
 </mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Mountain Green Cover Area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Sum of areas (in km<sup>2</sup>) covered by (1) tree-covered areas, (2) croplands, (3) grasslands, (4) shrub-covered areas and (5) shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded classes in the reporting period <em>n.</em> </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in Kkm<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b</strong>, Proportion of degraded mountain area, is reported as a binary quantification (degraded/non-degraded) of the extent of degraded land over total mountain area, given by:</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Degraded mountain area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Total degraded mountain area (in Kkm<sup>2</sup>) in the reporting period <em>n.</em> This is, the sum of the areas where land cover change is considered to constitute degradation from the baseline period. Degraded mountain land will be assessed based on the land cover transition matrix in Annex 1. </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in Kkm<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p>If the country/region has no mountain area, it will be assigned value N/A.</p>
a year ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<p>The indicator can be calculated using freely available Earth Observation data and simple Geographic Information Science (GIS) operations that can be processed in free and open source software (FOSS) GIS. Regional and global land cover data derived from Earth observation can play an important role in the absence of, to complement, or to enhance national official data sources. These datasets can help validate and improve national statistics for greater accuracy by ensuring that the data</p>
<p>Recognizing that this indicator cannot fully capture the complexity of mountain ecosystems across the world, countries are strongly encouraged to use other relevant national or sub-national indicators, data and information to strengthen their interpretation, as well as taking into account the following limitations: </p>
<ul>
<li>Sub-indicator &#x2018;&#x2019;a&#x2019;&#x2019; should be interpreted with care given that: 1) lack of green cover does not necessarily mean that a particular mountain area is degraded (i.e. areas of permanent snow and ice, scree slopes and natural sparsely vegetated areas above the tree line, 2) it does not capture significant drivers of change such as conversion of natural areas to cropland or pastureland, and 3) increase in green cover may due to impacts of climate change in mountain areas (i.e. increase in green cover due to snow and glacier retreat due to global warming). </li>
<li>Because land cover refers to the naturally stable aspects of land and the structure of its key elements, transient aspects such as vegetation phenology, snow or flooding cannot be captured by land cover transitions as measured in sub-indicator 15.4.2b. In the context of SDG Target 15.4, this is particularly relevant for snow cover dynamics (snow cover duration within a year), which has been highlighted as a key impact of global warming in mountain ecosystems with direct impacts to water provision (Notarnicola, 2020). </li>
<li>Decisions about which land cover transitions are linked to degradation processes would sometimes require information on the use of land, not only land cover. For example, the conversion of tree-covered areas to grassland may be a result of deforestation (change in land cover and land use) or just the result of certain management practices and natural disturbance (change in land cover only). The former could be identified as a negative transition, while the latter could be considered as stable or unchanging. The use of land use information would help to better characterize those changes in the context of sub-indicator &#x201C;b&#x2019;&#x2019;. </li>
<li>Both sub-indicators are not able to capture ecosystem degradation drivers that do not necessarily result in changes in land cover. Some examples of this include conversions of natural forests to intensively managed production systems such as plantation forests, orchards and oil palm plantations; conversion of natural and semi-natural grasslands to intensively used pastures, forest and grassland degradation or invasive species invasion, among others. However, the use of more detailed national land use maps may be able to overcome some of these gaps for sub-indicator 15.4.2b.</li>
<li>While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to medium resolution. Therefore, if countries have national land cover maps of higher spatial resolution and comparable or better quality, FAO advises using them, following the same methodology presented here, for the generation of the indicator&#x2019;s values. </li>
<li>Area estimations based on remote-sensing-derived land cover maps such as the ESA-CCI product via pixel counting may lead to biased area estimates due to map errors (Olofsson et al. 2014). Countries are encouraged to further refine those estimates by comparing them against reference datasets and applying bias corrections.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Comentarios y limitaciones:</h2>
<p>El indicador puede calcularse utilizando datos de observación de la Tierra disponibles gratuitamente y operaciones sencillas de SIG que pueden procesarse en SIG de software libre y de código abierto (FOSS). </p>
<p>Las posibles limitaciones de la metodología descrita anteriormente están relacionadas principalmente con la calidad de los datos sobre la cubierta terrestre. Los mapas de cobertura del suelo de la ICC AEE están actualmente disponibles a una resolución de 300 metros, lo que limita su aplicabilidad en el monitoreo de paisajes pequeños y altamente heterogéneos. Por lo tanto, si los países tienen mapas nacionales de cobertura territorial de mayor resolución espacial y comparable o de mejor calidad, la FAO aconseja utilizarlos, siguiendo la misma metodología presentada aquí, para la generación de valores MGCI. </p>
<p>En cuanto a la interpretación del indicador, aunque en la gran mayoría de los casos la dirección deseada es un aumento de la cubierta verde de montaña que refleja la restricción del daño a los ecosistemas naturales y posiblemente incluso la expansión de bosques, matorrales y pastizales a través de esfuerzos de conservación, en casos más limitados, un aumento en el valor del indicador en las clases de alta elevación también puede significar la invasión de vegetación en áreas previamente cubiertas por glaciares u otros permanentes o capas semipermanente de hielo o nieve, como resultado del calentamiento global debido al cambio climático. Ese cambio puede seguirse con la metodología actual y señalarse en consecuencia a nivel de datos desglosados por tipo de cubierta terrestre y clase de elevación, para distinguir este caso de la tendencia general deseada de aumentar la cubierta verde de las montañas. </p>
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<p>The indicator can be calculated using freely available Earth Observation data and simple Geographic Information Science (GIS) operations that can be processed in free and open source software (FOSS) GIS. Regional and global land cover data derived from Earth observation can play an important role in the absence of, to complement, or to enhance national official data sources. These datasets can help validate and improve national statistics for greater accuracy by ensuring that the data</p>
<p>Recognizing that this indicator cannot fully capture the complexity of mountain ecosystems across the world, countries are strongly encouraged to use other relevant national or sub-national indicators, data and information to strengthen their interpretation, as well as taking into account the following limitations: </p>
<ul>
<li>Sub-indicator &#x2018;&#x2019;a&#x2019;&#x2019; should be interpreted with care given that: 1) lack of green cover does not necessarily mean that a particular mountain area is degraded (i.e. areas of permanent snow and ice, scree slopes and natural sparsely vegetated areas above the tree line, 2) it does not capture significant drivers of change such as conversion of natural areas to cropland or pastureland, and 3) increase in green cover may due to impacts of climate change in mountain areas (i.e. increase in green cover due to snow and glacier retreat due to global warming). </li>
<li>Because land cover refers to the naturally stable aspects of land and the structure of its key elements, transient aspects such as vegetation phenology, snow or flooding cannot be captured by land cover transitions as measured in sub-indicator 15.4.2b. In the context of SDG Target 15.4, this is particularly relevant for snow cover dynamics (snow cover duration within a year), which has been highlighted as a key impact of global warming in mountain ecosystems with direct impacts to water provision (Notarnicola, 2020). </li>
<li>Decisions about which land cover transitions are linked to degradation processes would sometimes require information on the use of land, not only land cover. For example, the conversion of tree-covered areas to grassland may be a result of deforestation (change in land cover and land use) or just the result of certain management practices and natural disturbance (change in land cover only). The former could be identified as a negative transition, while the latter could be considered as stable or unchanging. The use of land use information would help to better characterize those changes in the context of sub-indicator &#x201C;b&#x2019;&#x2019;. </li>
<li>Both sub-indicators are not able to capture ecosystem degradation drivers that do not necessarily result in changes in land cover. Some examples of this include conversions of natural forests to treeintensively managed production systems such as plantation forests, orchards and oil palm plantations,; conversion of natural and semi-natural grasslands to intensively used pastures, forest and grassland degradation or invasive species invasion, among others. However, the use of more detailed national land use maps may be able to overcome some of these gaps for sub-indicator 15.4.2b.</li>
<li>While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to medium resolution. Therefore, if countries have national land cover maps of higher spatial resolution and comparable or better quality, FAO advises using them, following the same methodology presented here, for the generation of the indicator&#x2019;s values. </li>
<li>Area estimations based on remote-sensing-derived land cover maps such as the ESA-CCI product via pixel counting may lead to biased area estimates due to map errors (Olofsson et al. 2014). Countries are encouraged to further refine those estimates by comparing them against reference datasets and applying bias corrections.</li>
</ul>
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<p>Article 1 of FAO&#x2019;s constitution specifies that &#x201C;The Organization shall collect, analyse, interpret, and disseminate information related to nutrition, food and agriculture.&#x201D; In this regard, FAO collects national level data from member countries, which it then standardizes and disseminates through corporate statistical databases. FAO is the custodian UN agency for 21 SDG indicators, including 15.4.2.</p>
 
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