SDG Metadata/2-1-1 — English @ Hosted Weblate: 2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 Comments: Links with Target …

	Key	English	Actions
	SDG_GOAL	<p>Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture</p>
	SDG_TARGET	<p>Target 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round</p>
	SDG_INDICATOR	<p>Indicator 2.1.1: Prevalence of undernourishment</p>
	SDG_SERIES_DESCR	<p>Primary series: Prevalence of undernourishment (SN_ITK_DEFC)</p> <p>Complementary series: Number of undernourished people (SN_ITK_DEFCN)</p>
	META_LAST_UPDATE	2023-05-15
	SDG_RELATED_INDICATORS	<p>2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 </p> <p>Comments: </p> <p>Links with Target 2.2, to the extent that hunger may lead to malnutrition, and Target 2.2 may not be achieved if Target 2.1 is not achieved.</p>
	SDG_CUSTODIAN_AGENCIES	<p>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)</p>
	CONTACT_ORGANISATION	<p>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)</p>
	STAT_CONC_DEF	<p><strong>Definition: </strong></p> <p>The prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) (French: pourcentage de sous-alimentation; Spanish: porcentaje de sub-alimentación; Italian: prevalenza di sotto-alimentazione) is an estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. It is expressed as a percentage.</p> <p><strong>Concepts: </strong></p> <p>Undernourishment is defined as the condition by which a person has access, on a regular basis, to the amount of food that are insufficient to provide the energy required for conducting a normal, healthy and active life, given his or her own dietary energy requirements. </p> <p>Though strictly related, “undernourishment” as defined here is different from the physical conditions of “malnutrition” and “undernutrition” as it refers to the condition of insufficient intake of food, rather than to the outcome in terms of nutritional status. In French, Spanish and Italian the difference is marked by the use of the terms alimentation, alimentación, or alimentazione, instead of nutrition, nutrición or nutrizione, in the name of the indicator. A more appropriate expression in English that would render the precise meaning of the indicator might have been “prevalence of under-feeding” but by now the term “undernourishment” has long been associated with the indicator. </p> <p>While the undernourishment condition applies to individuals, due to conceptual and data-related considerations, the indicator can only be referred to a population, or group of individuals. The prevalence of undernourishment is thus an estimate of the percentage of individuals in a group that are in that condition, but it does not allow for the identification of which individuals in the group are, in fact, undernourished. </p>
	UNIT_MEASURE	<p>Prevalence of undernourishment: Percent (%) Number of undernourished people: Millions (of people) </p>
	CLASS_SYSTEM	<p>The construction of the regional and global estimates, as well as estimates for specific groups, such as Least Developed Countries, Land Locked Developing countries, Small Island Developing States, Developed Regions, and Developing Regions, of this indicator follows the UN M49 Standard.</p>

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Definition: 
The prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) (French: pourcentage de sous-alimentation; Spanish: porcentaje de sub-alimentación; Italian: prevalenza di sotto-alimentazione) is an estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. It is expressed as a percentage.
Concepts: 
Undernourishment is defined as the condition by which a person has access, on a regular basis, to the amount of food that are insufficient to provide the energy required for conducting a normal, healthy and active life, given his or her own dietary energy requirements. 
Though strictly related, “undernourishment” as defined here is different from the physical conditions of “malnutrition” and “undernutrition” as it refers to the condition of insufficient intake of food, rather than to the outcome in terms of nutritional status. In French, Spanish and Italian the difference is marked by the use of the terms alimentation, alimentación, or alimentazione, instead of nutrition, nutrición or nutrizione, in the name of the indicator. A more appropriate expression in English that would render the precise meaning of the indicator might have been “prevalence of under-feeding” but by now the term “undernourishment” has long been associated with the indicator. 
While the undernourishment condition applies to individuals, due to conceptual and data-related considerations, the indicator can only be referred to a population, or group of individuals. The prevalence of undernourishment is thus an estimate of the percentage of individuals in a group that are in that condition, but it does not allow for the identification of which individuals in the group are, in fact, undernourished.

	Key	English	Actions
	REG_AGG	<p>Regional and global aggregates of the PoU are computed as: </p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <msub> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow> <munder> <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>&nbsp;</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>&nbsp;</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow> <munder> <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></p> <p>where PoU<sub>i</sub> are the values of PoU estimated for all countries (i) in the aggregate for which available data allow to compute a reliable estimate, and N<sub>i</sub> the corresponding population size. </p>
	REL_CAL_POLICY	<p>Data are released each year alongside the <em>State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World</em> report, usually in mid-July. </p>
	SDG_CUSTODIAN_AGENCIES	<p>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)</p>
	SDG_GOAL	<p>Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture</p>
	SDG_INDICATOR	<p>Indicator 2.1.1: Prevalence of undernourishment</p>
	SDG_RELATED_INDICATORS	<p>2.1.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 </p> <p>Comments: </p> <p>Links with Target 2.2, to the extent that hunger may lead to malnutrition, and Target 2.2 may not be achieved if Target 2.1 is not achieved.</p>
	SDG_SERIES_DESCR	<p>Primary series: Prevalence of undernourishment (SN_ITK_DEFC)</p> <p>Complementary series: Number of undernourished people (SN_ITK_DEFCN)</p>
	SDG_TARGET	<p>Target 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round</p>
	SOURCE_TYPE	<p>The ideal source of data to estimate the PoU would be a carefully designed and skillfully conducted individual dietary intake survey, in which actual daily food consumption, together with heights and weights for each surveyed individual, are repeatedly measured on a sample that is representative of the target population. Due to their cost, however, such surveys are rare.</p> <p>In principle, a well-designed household survey that collects information on food acquisitions might be sufficient to inform a reliable estimate of the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) in a population, at a reasonable cost and with the necessary periodicity to inform the SDG monitoring process, provided that: </p> <ol> <li>All sources of food consumption for all members of the households are properly accounted for, including, in particular, food that is consumed away from home; </li> <li>Sufficient information is available to convert the data on food consumption or on food expenditures into their contribution to dietary energy intake; </li> <li>The proper methods to compute the PoU are used, to control for excess variability in the estimated levels of habitual food consumption across households, allowing for the presence on normal variability in the distribution of food consumption across individuals, induced by the differences in energy requirements of the members of the population. </li> </ol> <p>Examples of surveys that could be considered for this purpose include surveys conducted to compute economic statistics and conduct poverty assessments, such as Household Income and Expenditure Surveys, Household Budget Surveys and Living Standard Measurement Surveys. </p> <p>In practice, however, it is often impossible, and not advisable, to rely only on data collected through a household survey, as the information needed to estimate the four parameters of the PoU model is either missing or imprecise. </p> <p>Household Survey food consumption data often must be integrated by </p> <p>a) Data on the demographic structure of the population of interest by sex and age; </p> <p>b) Data or information on the median height of individuals in each sex and age class; </p> <p>c) Data on the distribution of physical activity levels in the population; </p> <p>d) Alternative data on the total amounts of food available for human consumption, to correct for biases in the estimate of the national average daily dietary energy consumption in the population. </p> <p>Data for a), b) and c) could be available through the same multipurpose survey that provides food consumption data, but are more likely available from other sources, such as National Demographic and Health Surveys (for a) and b)) and Time Use Surveys (for c)). </p> <p>Correcting for bias in the estimated average daily dietary energy consumption might need to be based on alternative sources on food consumption, such as aggregate food supply and utilization accounts and food balance sheets. </p> <p>To inform its estimate of PoU at national, regional and global level, in addition to all household surveys for which it is possible to obtain micro data on food consumption, FAO relies on: </p> <p>a) UN Population Division’s World Population Prospects (https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/), which provide updated estimates of the structures of the national population by sex and age every two years for most countries in the world; </p> <p>b) FAO Food Balance Sheets (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data), which provides updated estimates of the national availability of food every year for most countries in the world.</p> <p>Micro data from household surveys that collect food consumption data are sourced by FAO directly through the National Statistical Agencies’ websites, or through specific bilateral agreements. </p>
	STAT_CONC_DEF	<p><strong>Definition: </strong></p> <p>The prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) (French: pourcentage de sous-alimentation; Spanish: porcentaje de sub-alimentación; Italian: prevalenza di sotto-alimentazione) is an estimate of the proportion of the population whose habitual food consumption is insufficient to provide the dietary energy levels that are required to maintain a normal active and healthy life. It is expressed as a percentage.</p> <p><strong>Concepts: </strong></p> <p>Undernourishment is defined as the condition by which a person has access, on a regular basis, to the amount of food that are insufficient to provide the energy required for conducting a normal, healthy and active life, given his or her own dietary energy requirements. </p> <p>Though strictly related, “undernourishment” as defined here is different from the physical conditions of “malnutrition” and “undernutrition” as it refers to the condition of insufficient intake of food, rather than to the outcome in terms of nutritional status. In French, Spanish and Italian the difference is marked by the use of the terms alimentation, alimentación, or alimentazione, instead of nutrition, nutrición or nutrizione, in the name of the indicator. A more appropriate expression in English that would render the precise meaning of the indicator might have been “prevalence of under-feeding” but by now the term “undernourishment” has long been associated with the indicator. </p> <p>While the undernourishment condition applies to individuals, due to conceptual and data-related considerations, the indicator can only be referred to a population, or group of individuals. The prevalence of undernourishment is thus an estimate of the percentage of individuals in a group that are in that condition, but it does not allow for the identification of which individuals in the group are, in fact, undernourished. </p>

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Regional and global aggregates of the PoU are computed as: 
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo stretchy="false">∑</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>&nbsp;</mi>
<mo>×</mo>
<mi>&nbsp;</mi>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo stretchy="false">∑</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math>
where PoUi are the values of PoU estimated for all countries (i) in the aggregate for which available data allow to compute a reliable estimate, and Ni the corresponding population size.

The ideal source of data to estimate the PoU would be a carefully designed and skillfully conducted individual dietary intake survey, in which actual daily food consumption, together with heights and weights for each surveyed individual, are repeatedly measured on a sample that is representative of the target population. Due to their cost, however, such surveys are rare.
In principle, a well-designed household survey that collects information on food acquisitions might be sufficient to inform a reliable estimate of the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) in a population, at a reasonable cost and with the necessary periodicity to inform the SDG monitoring process, provided that: 
<ol>
<li>All sources of food consumption for all members of the households are properly accounted for, including, in particular, food that is consumed away from home; </li>
<li>Sufficient information is available to convert the data on food consumption or on food expenditures into their contribution to dietary energy intake; </li>
<li>The proper methods to compute the PoU are used, to control for excess variability in the estimated levels of habitual food consumption across households, allowing for the presence on normal variability in the distribution of food consumption across individuals, induced by the differences in energy requirements of the members of the population. </li>
</ol>
Examples of surveys that could be considered for this purpose include surveys conducted to compute economic statistics and conduct poverty assessments, such as Household Income and Expenditure Surveys, Household Budget Surveys and Living Standard Measurement Surveys. 
In practice, however, it is often impossible, and not advisable, to rely only on data collected through a household survey, as the information needed to estimate the four parameters of the PoU model is either missing or imprecise. 
Household Survey food consumption data often must be integrated by 
a) Data on the demographic structure of the population of interest by sex and age; 
b) Data or information on the median height of individuals in each sex and age class; 
c) Data on the distribution of physical activity levels in the population; 
d) Alternative data on the total amounts of food available for human consumption, to correct for biases in the estimate of the national average daily dietary energy consumption in the population. 
Data for a), b) and c) could be available through the same multipurpose survey that provides food consumption data, but are more likely available from other sources, such as National Demographic and Health Surveys (for a) and b)) and Time Use Surveys (for c)). 
Correcting for bias in the estimated average daily dietary energy consumption might need to be based on alternative sources on food consumption, such as aggregate food supply and utilization accounts and food balance sheets. 
To inform its estimate of PoU at national, regional and global level, in addition to all household surveys for which it is possible to obtain micro data on food consumption, FAO relies on: 
a) UN Population Division’s World Population Prospects (https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/), which provide updated estimates of the structures of the national population by sex and age every two years for most countries in the world; 
b) FAO Food Balance Sheets (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data), which provides updated estimates of the national availability of food every year for most countries in the world.
Micro data from household surveys that collect food consumption data are sourced by FAO directly through the National Statistical Agencies’ websites, or through specific bilateral agreements.

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