Component Translated Unfinished Unfinished words Unfinished characters Untranslated Checks Suggestions Comments
Glossary Trail Sense MIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trail Sense Android MIT 98% 21 142 911 19 1 1 0
Trail Sense Store Metadata MIT 4% 122 6,235 37,843 122 0 0 0
Trail Sense User Guide MIT 2% 92 44,159 258,087 92 0 0 0

Overview

Project website kylecorry.com/Trail-Sense
Instructions for translators

https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense#contributing
Project maintainers User avatar kylecorry31
Language Turkish
Language code tr
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-sensitive
Number of speakers 82,419,542
17 hours ago

String statistics

Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 1,670 55,800 332,528
Translated 85% 1,435 9% 5,264 10% 35,687
Needs editing 1% 2 1% 3 1% 20
Read-only 14% 234 1% 370 2% 6,662
Failing checks 1% 1 1% 108 1% 704
Strings with suggestions 1% 1 1% 108 1% 704
Untranslated strings 13% 233 90% 50,533 89% 296,821
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55,800
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1,670
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85%
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<!-- K: medicine, medical, heal, health, injury, sick, ill, first-aid, symptom, treat, prevent -->
<!-- S: Calm down and apply first aid. -->

This chapter covers basic medical knowledge and techniques for common injuries and illnesses in the wilderness. It does not substitute professional medical advice/treatment or in-depth first aid guides.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, painkiller, bandage, gauze, tape, pin, needle, tweezer, antibiotic, ointment, cream, sunscreen, repellent, spray, medicine, medication, prescription, pill, lenses, glasses, reliever, sanitizer, epinephrine, epi-pen, epipen, inhaler, moleskin, molefoam, tourniquet, splint, alo, vera, gel, swab, mirror, tampon, pad, menstrual, cup, floss, toothbrush, toothpaste, toilet-paper, bidet, bag, trowel, soap, towel, lip-balm, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Bring a first aid kit. Learn basic first aid and CPR. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Assorted bandages
- Gauze
- Surgical tape
- Safety pin or needle
- Tweezers
- Antibiotic ointment
- Sunscreen
- Insect repellent
- Prescription medications, contact lenses, and glasses
- Pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
- Hand sanitizer (unscented)
- Epinephrine auto-injector (if you have severe allergies)
- Asthma inhaler (if you have asthma)

**Optional**:
- Wound closure strips/butterfly bandages
- Moleskin
- Molefoam
- Tourniquet
- C-Splint
- Aloe vera gel
- Antiseptic wipes
- Hydrocortisone cream
- Antihistamine pills (diphenhydramine)
- Superglue
- Cotton swabs
- Antidiarrheal medication (loperamide)
- Gas relievers (simethicone)
- Antacid tablets
- Mirror
- Tampons/pads/menstrual cup
- Dental floss
- Toothbrush
- Toothpaste (store this in your bear bag/container at night)
- Toilet paper and/or portable bidet
- Trash bags/container (check local regulations regarding toilet paper and human waste)
- Trowel
- Soap (unscented)
- Washcloth/microfiber towel
- Lip balm (unscented)
- Electrolyte mix

### Knowledge and skills

Start by learning how to do the following:
- Perform basic first aid and CPR.
- Calm yourself and others.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Make charcoal (see the Fire chapter).
- Make tea from plants.
- Identify medicinal plants in your area.
- Perform advanced first aid techniques, such as setting a broken bone or suturing a wound.

## Common medications
<!-- K: medication, medicine, pill, drug, aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, loperamide, simethicone, antacid, hydrocortisone, antibiotic, ointment, cream -->
<!-- S: Bring common medications with you. Only use as directed by your doctor and follow the manufacturer's instructions. -->

This is a list of common medications hikers might carry. It's not a complete list. Only use these as your doctor says and follow the package directions. Know the side effects, how much to take, and when to take them before your trip.

- **Aspirin**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, inflammation, and fevers. Many doctors recommend taking aspirin at the first signs of a heart attack, as it can help prevent further blood clots.
- **Ibuprofen**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, inflammation, and fevers. It can also cause stomachaches for some people.
- **Acetaminophen**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, or fevers.
- **Diphenhydramine**: An antihistamine used for allergies, itching, and sleeplessness. It may cause drowsiness.
- **Loperamide**: Used to treat diarrhea.
- **Simethicone**: A gas reliever used for gas pains.
- **Antacid tablets**: Used to treat heartburn and indigestion.
- **Hydrocortisone cream**: Soothes itchy or red skin from bites, rashes, or irritation.
- **Antibiotic ointment**: Helps prevent infection in minor cuts, scrapes, or burns.

## Allergic reactions
<!-- K: allergy, allergic, reaction, rash, itch, swell, hives, sneeze, cough, throat, breath, epinephrine, epi-pen, epipen, inject, asthma, anaphylaxis -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include rash, itching, swelling, hives, and difficulty breathing. Treat by removing the allergen, using antihistamines, or using an epinephrine auto-injector. Prevent by avoiding known allergens. -->

Allergic reactions can range from contact dermatitis (like poison ivy) or bug bites to anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that can be life-threatening.

### Symptoms

- Rash.
- Itching.
- Swelling.
- Hives.
- Runny nose.
- Sneezing.
- Coughing.
- Scratchy throat.

**Severe:**

- Difficulty breathing.
- Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.

### Treatment

1. Remove the allergen if possible.
2. If there is a rash, apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream.
3. Take antihistamine pills.

**Severe:**

Severe allergic reactions that affect breathing or cause swelling of the face, lips, or tongue require immediate medical attention. If you have an epinephrine auto-injector, use it:

1. Remove the safety cap.
2. Hold the injector with the tip against the thigh, midway between the hip and knee.
3. Press the injector into the thigh until it clicks.
4. Hold it in place for 10 seconds.
5. Repeat in 5 to 15 minutes if symptoms persist.
6. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

If you have asthma and are having an attack, use your inhaler.

### Prevention

- Avoid known allergens.
- Carry an epinephrine auto-injector if you have severe allergies.
- Take precautions for bug bites and poisonous plants (see the relevant sections).
- Tell others about your allergies and where your epinephrine auto-injector is kept.

## Altitude sickness
<!-- K: altitude, mountain, headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, breath, sleep, appetite, heartbeat, cough, acclimate, descend -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treat by descending to a lower altitude or with pain relievers. Prevent by ascending slowly. -->

Altitude sickness is caused by low oxygen levels at high altitudes.

### Symptoms
- Headache.
- Nausea.
- Fatigue.
- Dizziness.
- Shortness of breath.
- Poor sleep.
- Loss of appetite.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Coughing.

### Treatment

- Take pain relievers (ibuprofen) for headache.
- Do not ascend until symptoms are gone.
- Descend to a lower altitude if symptoms are severe or do not improve within a day.

### Prevention

- Ascend slowly.
- Acclimate before ascending further.
- Watch for symptoms above 6,500 feet (2,000 meters).

## Bites/attacks: mammals and other animals
<!-- K: bite, attack, animal, mammal, bell, fight, pepper-spray, bear -->
<!-- S: Treat by washing the wound with soap and water, applying antibiotics, bandaging, and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by avoiding wild animals and making noise to alert them of your presence. -->

Many animals bite when threatened and some can transmit diseases.

### Treatment

1. Wash the wound with soap and water.
2. Apply antibiotic ointment.
3. Cover the wound with a bandage. Pack deep wounds with gauze but do not suture or tape them closed.
4. Seek medical attention if the wound is deep, bleeding, or shows signs of infection.

If a mammal bit you, seek medical attention as soon as possible; you may need rabies shots.

### Prevention

- Do not approach, corner, or feed wild animals.
- Use a bear bell or make noise to alert animals.
- Avoid animals with young nearby.
- If approached by an animal:
- Don't run, as this may trigger a chase.
- Make yourself look big.
- Make noise (not high-pitched screaming).
- Pick up children and pets.
- Back away slowly or move sideways.
- Use bear or pepper spray if available.
- Fight back if attacked, except by grizzlies.
- Aim for eyes, nose, or throat with rocks, sticks, or hands.
- If a **grizzly** attacks, play dead unless it stalks you, attacks in your tent, or continues attacking - then fight back.
- Keep your backpack on; it can offer protection.

## Bites: Snakes
<!-- K: snake, bite, venom, poison, antivenom, snakebite -->
<!-- S: Treat by cleaning the wound, applying a bandage, immobilizing the limb, and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by watching where you step and wearing high boots. -->

Always look for snakes, especially in areas with tall grass, rocks, or logs. Snakes are most active during the day. Most snake bites are not venomous, but if you don't know the type of snake, treat the bite as venomous.

### Treatment
1. Rinse the bite area with water.
2. Clean the wound and cover with a bandage.
3. Remove any rings or jewelry from the affected limb.
4. Wrap the limb with a bandage, starting at the bite and moving up the limb. The bandage should be tight but not cut off circulation. You should be able to slip a finger under the bandage. If you are bitten by a pit viper (like a rattlesnake), do not bandage or apply compression as this can lead to increased tissue damage.
5. Keep the limb immobilized, as you would a fracture, and below the level of the heart.
6. Seek medical attention as soon as possible. Call the hospital ahead of time so they can prepare antivenom if needed.

Do not do the following:
- Cut the wound.
- Suck out the venom.
- Apply a tourniquet.
- Apply ice.

### Prevention
- Watch where you step.
- Wear high boots.
- Do not put your hands or feet where you cannot see.
- Do not try to catch or kill snakes unless you know they are not venomous.

## Bites/stings: bugs
<!-- K: bug, bite, repel, spray, sting, insect, tick, leech, spider, scorpion, mosquito, ant, bee, wasp, hornet, fly, itch, swell, red -->
<!-- S: Treat by removing the stinger/tick/leech, cleaning the area, and, if needed, seeking medical attention. Prevent this by using insect repellent and wearing long sleeves and pants. -->

Many insects can bite or sting you, causing pain, swelling, and itching. Some insects can also transmit diseases.

### Symptoms
- Itching.
- Swelling.
- Redness.

### Treatment

**Ticks**

1. Using tweezers if available, grasp the tick where it is attached to the skin.
2. Pull straight out with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick. Do not squeeze the tick's body.
3. Treat the area as you would for a bug bite.

**Leeches**

To remove a leech:
1. Pull it taut (but not too tight).
2. Slide a fingernail or other flat object between the leech and your skin to detach it.
3. Flick the leech away before it can reattach.
4. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.
5. Apply a bandage to control bleeding. It is normal for the wound to bleed for a while.

Do not salt, burn, or pull the leech off, as this can cause it to regurgitate into the wound.

**Bites**

To reduce itching, avoid scratching and apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream. To reduce swelling, use a cloth soaked in cold water or filled with snow/ice.

If you were bitten by a spider you believe to be venomous, treat it as you would a snake bite and seek medical attention.

**Stings**

Remove any stingers, taking care not to squeeze the venom sac. Treat it as if it were a bug bite.

If you were stung by a scorpion or insect you believe to be venomous, treat it as a snake bite and seek medical attention.

**Bugs in eyes**

See the section on objects in the eye.

### Prevention
- Use insect repellent.
- Wear long sleeves and pants.
- Wrap your face with a bandana.
- Wear glasses/sunglasses (to keep bugs out of your eyes).
- Use a bug net.
- Check for ticks/leeches frequently.
- Ensure your immunizations are current for bug-borne diseases in the area.

You can make an improvised bug repellent by applying mud to your skin or using fire smoke.

## Bleeding
<!-- K: bleed, blood, wound, cut, scrape, deep, clot, pressure, tourniquet, bandage, red, swell, warm, pus -->
<!-- S: Treat by applying pressure, cleaning the wound, bandaging, and, if needed, seek medical attention. Prevent infection by cleaning wounds and changing bandages frequently. -->

### Treatment
Seek medical attention if the wound is deep, bleeding profusely, or shows signs of infection. Infected wounds can be identified by redness, swelling, warmth, and pus.

**Scrapes and minor cuts**
1. Clean the wound with water.
2. Optionally, apply antibiotic ointment.
3. Apply a bandage. You can use medical grade superglue if needed.

**Deeper cuts**
1. Apply pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage. You may need to apply pressure for about 10 to 20 minutes.
2. Clean the wound and irrigate it with water.
3. Bandage the wound with a sterile dressing.
4. Place new bandages over the old ones if they become soaked with blood.
5. Raise the wound above the level of the heart.
6. Seek medical attention if bleeding does not stop or if the wound is deep.

You can apply a tourniquet to stop blood flow if direct pressure does not work on a limb. This should only be done as a last resort, as it can cause permanent damage. Only a medical professional should remove a tourniquet.

### Prevention
- Use caution when handling sharp objects.
- Do not cut toward yourself.
- Watch your footing.
- To prevent infection:
- Clean wounds.
- Use antibiotic ointment.
- Change bandages frequently.

## Blisters
<!-- K: blister, rub, shoe, sock, moleskin, red, sore -->
<!-- S: Treat small blisters by applying moleskin and large blisters by draining with a sterilized needle, cleaning, and bandaging. Preventing this by keeping feet dry and wearing properly fitting shoes. -->

### Symptoms
- Red, sore area.
- Blister.

### Treatment
If the blister is small:
1. Cut a doughnut-shaped piece of moleskin.
2. Place the moleskin around the blister, with the blister in the hole.

If the blister is large or painful:
1. Sterilize a needle with alcohol or heat.
2. Pierce the blister near the edge and drain the fluid.
3. Clean and wash the area.
4. Apply a bandage and, optionally, antibiotic ointment.

### Prevention
- Keep feet dry.
- Wear properly fitting shoes.
- Wear two pairs of socks.
- Check feet frequently for red areas and blisters.
- Stop at the first sign of rubbing.
- Apply adhesive tape or moleskin to prevent blisters.

## Burns
<!-- K: burn, scald, blister, red, pain, aloe, vera, fire, skin -->
<!-- S: Treat minor burns by soaking with cool water and loosely bandage. Seek medical attention for severe burns. Prevent by using caution around fires and hot objects. -->

### Treatment

**First-degree burns**

This is about the level of a mild sunburn.

1. Soak with cool water for 5 minutes.
2. Optionally, take pain relievers.
3. Apply aloe vera gel, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream.

**Second-degree burns**
This is a burn that blisters and can be very painful.

1. Soak with cool water for at least 15 minutes.
2. Take pain relievers.
3. Pat the area dry.
4. Apply a loose bandage.

Do not pop blisters.

**Third-degree burns**
This is a burn that goes through all layers of skin and may be life-threatening. Pain may be minimal due to nerve damage. Second-degree burns are likely also present.

1. Call emergency services.
2. Soak with cool water.
3. Remove clothing and jewelry from the area.
4. Drink water with electrolytes.
5. Bandage loosely.

### Prevention
- Use caution around fires.
- Do not touch hot objects.
- Wear sunscreen.
- If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop to the ground, and roll to extinguish the flames.

## Choking
<!-- K: choke, throat, breath, heimlich, maneuver -->
<!-- S: Perform the Heimlich maneuver. -->

If you are choking and someone is nearby, place your hands on your throat to signal that you are choking.

### Treatment
Perform the Heimlich maneuver on yourself:
1. If possible, bend over a hard surface.
2. Make a fist with one hand.
3. Place the thumb side of your fist against your abdomen, below your ribcage and above your navel.
4. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into your abdomen with a quick upward thrust.

Perform the Heimlich maneuver on someone else:
1. Stand behind the person.
2. Reach around the person's waist.
3. Make a fist with one hand.
4. Place the thumb side of your fist against the person's abdomen, below the ribcage and above the navel.
5. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into the person's abdomen with a quick upward thrust.

## Cramps
<!-- K: cramp, muscle, pain, spasm, weak, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Treat by stretching, massaging, applying heat or cold, and hydrating. Prevent by staying hydrated and replenishing electrolytes. -->

Cramps can be caused by dehydration, overexertion, or lack of electrolytes.

### Symptoms
- Muscle pain.
- Muscle spasms.
- Muscle weakness.

### Treatment
- Gently stretch the muscle.
- Massage the muscle.
- Apply heat or cold to the muscle.
- Drink water or an electrolyte solution containing sodium and potassium.
- Eat salty foods.
- Eat potassium-rich foods (bananas, potatoes, sweet potatoes, spinach, and lentils).
- Slow down or stop physical activity.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Replenish electrolytes.
- Warm up before physical activity.
- Stretch before and after physical activity.
- Maintain a slow and steady pace.

## Dehydration
<!-- K: dehydrate, water, thirst, dry, fatigue, dizziness, dark, urine, headache, confusion, electrolyte, drink -->
<!-- S: Rehydrate by drinking water with electrolytes. Prevent by drinking water frequently and increasing intake during physical activity. -->

### Symptoms
- Thirst.
- Dry mouth and throat.
- Fatigue.
- Dizziness.
- Dark urine.
- Reduced urine output.
- Dry skin.
- Headache.
- Confusion.

### Treatment
Rehydrate by drinking water, an electrolyte solution, or tea.

### Prevention
- Drink water frequently, increasing intake during physical activity.

## Embedded fishhooks
<!-- K: fishhook, hook, remove -->
<!-- S: Hooks can be removed by running a line through the bend and pulling quickly while pushing down on the hook. Prevent by handling hooks with care. -->

Fishhooks are designed to penetrate flesh and are difficult to remove without causing further injury. Unless you need to remove the hook to prevent further injury, it's best to leave the hook in place and seek medical attention.

### Treatment
Do not attempt to remove a fishhook if it is embedded in the eye.

**Method 1**

1. Advance the hook through the skin until the barb is exposed.
2. Cut the barb off with wire cutters like those on a multitool or pliers.
3. Pull the hook opposite from how it entered; it should come out easily.
4. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.

**Method 2**

1. Run a fishing line or cordage through the bend of the hook.
2. Grab the ends of the string.
3. Apply downward pressure on the eye of the hook.
4. Quickly pull the string, causing the hook to come out the way it went in.
5. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/hook_removal.webp)

### Prevention
- Be careful when handling fishhooks.
- Use a barbless hook if possible (these don't work as well when fishing).

## Fractures
<!-- K: fracture, break, broken, bone, pain, swelling, bruise, deform, weight, splint, sling, set -->
<!-- S: Treat by splinting and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by being cautious and wearing proper footwear. -->

A fracture is a broken bone. A fracture can be closed (bone is broken, but skin is intact) or open (bone is broken and protruding from the skin).

### Symptoms
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Bruising.
- Deformity.
- Loss of function.
- Inability to bear weight.
- Bone protruding from the skin.

### Treatment
If the bone is out of place and medical attention is unavailable for several hours, you may need to set it. Otherwise, splint it in place and seek medical attention.

**Setting a bone**

1. Irrigate and clean the wound if the bone is protruding.
2. Grab the limb below the fracture.
3. Pull the limb to straighten the bone. It may pop into place, and pain may decrease.
4. Splint the bone while holding it in place.
5. Cover the open wound with a sterile dressing and bandage.

**Splinting a bone**

1. Remove all jewelry and tight clothing from the area.
2. Apply padding around the fracture.
3. Construct a splint using a rigid object (stick, trekking pole, tent pole). It should extend past the bone break on both sides.
4. Secure the splint with bandages, tape, or cordage. It should be tight but not cut off circulation. If splinting a finger, tape it to the one next to it.
5. Apply a sling if the fracture is in the arm to help immobilize the limb.


![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/5.webp)

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/6.webp)

### Prevention
- Be cautious when walking on uneven terrain.
- Wear proper footwear.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Be careful when handling heavy objects.

## Frostbite
<!-- K: frostbite, frost, cold, freeze, frozen, numb, white, gray, yellow, waxy, pain, thaw, warm, heat, red, frostnip -->
<!-- S: Treat by rewarming the area and seeking medical attention. Prevent by staying warm and dry. -->

Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperatures, which freezes the skin and underlying tissues. If not treated, it can lead to permanent damage.

### Symptoms

**Frostnip**:

- Redness.
- Numbness.
- Pale or white skin.
- The area is still soft and pliable.

**Frostbite**:

- White or grayish-yellow skin.
- Hard or waxy skin.
- Numbness.

### Treatment

**Frostnip**:

Rewarm the area using body heat (place a hand under the armpit), warm water, or a hand warmer.

**Frostbite**:

Only thaw the area if you can keep it thawed. Refreezing can cause more damage. Do not use a fire to thaw the area. Do not rub the area. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

1. Take pain medicine before thawing.
2. Prepare hot water (104-108°F / 40-42°C).
3. Thaw the area for 30 to 45 minutes or until it is pink/red and soft. If the water cools, change it - remove the area from the water before changing it.
4. Wrap the area in a sterile dressing and keep warm.

### Prevention
- Wear proper clothing.
- Keep dry.
- Keep moving.
- Keep warm.
- Stay hydrated and well-fed.
- Treat at the first sign of frostnip.

## Gastrointestinal issues
<!-- K: gastrointestinal, stomach, gut, diarrhea, vomit, nausea, cramp, gas, food, water, poison, charcoal, tea, parasite, constipated -->
<!-- S: Treat by rehydrating or using medicine. Prevent this by boiling water, washing hands, cooking, and storing food properly. -->

Gastrointestinal issues can be caused by contaminated food or water.

### Symptoms
- Diarrhea.
- Vomiting.
- Nausea.
- Stomach cramps.
- Gas.

### Treatment
- Rehydrate with water.
- Drink a cup of tea every few hours. You can make tea by boiling the following plants:
- Oak bark, leaves, and acorns. Boil for two or more hours. It won't taste good, but it may help.
- Common plantain leaves.
- Make a solution of a handful of ground charcoal in a cup of water. Drink a couple of spoonfuls every few hours.
- If you ate something poisonous, seek medical help immediately. If you can't contact help, drinking charcoal may help. Do not induce vomiting.

### Prevention
- Boil water before drinking.
- Wash hands before eating.
- Cook food thoroughly.
- Store food properly.

## Headache
<!-- K: headache, pain, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Treat by taking pain relievers, drinking water, and resting. Prevent by staying hydrated and replenishing electrolytes. -->

Headaches can be caused by various factors, such as dehydration, stress, lack of sleep, or illness.

### Treatment
- Take pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen).
- Drink water or an electrolyte solution.
- Rest.
- Eat salty foods.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Replenish electrolytes.
- Do not overexert yourself.

## Heart problems
<!-- K: heart, chest, pain, arm, back, neck, jaw, stomach, attack, stroke, exhaustion, sweat, nausea, lightheaded, breath, heartbeat, cpr -->
<!-- S: Seek medical attention for chest pain. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in limbs, nausea, lightheadedness, and cold sweats. -->

To be safe, seek medical attention if you experience chest pain as soon as possible.

### Symptoms
- Chest pain.
- Shortness of breath.
- Pain in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
- Nausea.
- Lightheadedness.
- Cold sweat.

### Treatment
1. Stop and sit comfortably.
2. If you have as-needed heart medication, take it. Otherwise, take aspirin. Chew the aspirin for faster absorption.
3. Call emergency services and have help come to you.

If someone else does not have a pulse, perform CPR.

**CPR**:

1. Check for responsiveness and pulse.
2. Call emergency services if there is no pulse, then start CPR.
3. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest.
4. Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first hand.
5. Interlock fingers.
6. Keep your arms straight and your shoulders directly over your hands.
7. Push hard and fast at least 2 inches (5 cm) at 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
8. Let the chest rise completely between compressions.
9. Continue until the patient is responsive, emergency services arrive, or you are too exhausted to continue.

If you are fully trained in CPR, perform rescue breathing after 30 compressions. Otherwise, just do compressions.

**Rescue breathing**:

1. Tilt the head back and lift the chin.
2. Pinch the nose shut.
3. Give two breaths, each lasting about 1 second and causing the chest to rise.
4. Repeat the cycle of 30 compressions and two breaths.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Talk to your doctor about your heart health.
- Seek medical attention if you have any chest pain.

## Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
<!-- K: heat, exhaustion, stroke, heatstroke, pale, hot, sweat, fatigue, heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, vomit, cramp, muscle, headache, chill, confusion, seizure, unconscious, electrolyte, shade, break, overexert -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include pale skin, sweating, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, headache, and chills. Treat by moving to a cooling down and drinking water. Prevent this by staying hydrated, wearing proper clothing, and taking breaks in the shade. -->

Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are caused by exposure to high temperatures and dehydration.

### Symptoms

**Heat exhaustion**:

- Pale skin.
- Sweating.
- Fatigue.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Dizziness.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Muscle cramps.
- Headache.
- Chills.

**Heatstroke**:

- Same symptoms as heat exhaustion, but more severe.
- Confusion.
- Seizures.
- Unconsciousness.

### Treatment

**Heat exhaustion**:

1. Move to a cool place.
2. Drink a lot of water or an electrolyte solution.
3. Douse yourself with water or immerse yourself in water.

**Heatstroke**:

1. Call emergency services.
2. Move to a cool place.
3. Remove excess clothing.
4. Immerse yourself in water.
5. Be cautious when rehydrating, as seizures and vomiting can lead to choking.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Wear proper clothing.
- Stay in the shade.
- Take breaks in the shade.
- Avoid physical activity during the hottest part of the day.
- Do not overexert yourself.

## Hygiene
<!-- K: hygiene, clean, wash, soap, shampoo, sanitize, toothbrush, teeth, tooth, toothpaste, brush, feet, socks, dry, clothes, defecate, urinate, bathroom, trowel -->
<!-- S: Wash hands frequently, especially before eating and after using the bathroom. -->

### Washing
If you do not have soap, you can substitute white ashes, sand, or loamy soil.

Wash hands:
- Before and after preparing food.
- Before eating.
- After urinating or defecating.
- Before dressing a wound.
- After touching something likely to carry germs or be poisonous.

### Teeth
If you do not have a toothbrush, you can clean your teeth with a small stick (fray it by chewing on one end) or a piece of cloth. An inner strand of paracord can be used as dental floss. You can grind up charcoal and combine it with water to make toothpaste.

### Feet
Do the following to prevent foot problems:
- Change and wash socks daily.
- Wash, dry, and massage your feet.
- Check frequently for blisters and red areas. Use adhesive tape/moleskin to prevent blisters.

### Clothing
Keep clothing clean and dry. Wash clothes with water and soap or boil them. To dry clothes, hang them in the sun or near a fire (not too close).

### Bowel movements and urination
- Dig a hole 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 centimeters) deep for bowel movements and cover it with dirt.
- If you do not have a trowel, use a stick to dig the hole.
- If you do not have toilet paper or a bidet, use non-poisonous leaves, moss, or smooth rocks to clean yourself.
- Always wash your hands after using the bathroom.
- Do not defecate or urinate near water sources (at least 200 feet / 60 meters away).

## Hypothermia
<!-- K: hypothermia, cold, freeze, frozen, shiver, coordination, memory, speech, slur, speak, drowsiness, breath, heartbeat, heat, warm, fire -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include shivering, coldness, impaired coordination, memory loss, slurred speech, and drowsiness. Treat by getting dry and warming up. Prevent by wearing proper clothing, keeping dry, moving, and keeping warm. -->

Hypothermia is caused by exposure to cold temperatures, causing the body to lose heat faster than it can produce.

### Symptoms
- Shivering. If shivering stops, it is a sign of severe hypothermia.
- Coldness.
- Impaired coordination.
- Memory loss.
- Slurred speech.
- Drowsiness.
- Slow breathing and heart rate.

### Treatment
- Change into dry clothes.
- Increase layers of clothing.
- Add insulation into clothing (such as dry leaves).
- Consume warm liquids.
- Warm near a fire.
- Use a sleeping bag or blanket.
- Use the body heat of another person.

### Prevention
- Wear proper clothing.
- Keep dry.
- Keep moving.
- Keep warm.

## Objects in the eye
<!-- K: eye, object, something, bug -->
<!-- S: Treat by irrigating the eye with clean water and removing the object with a damp cloth or cotton swab. Prevent by wearing glasses or sunglasses. -->

It is common to get objects in your eye while in the wilderness, such as dirt, sand, bugs, or an eyelash.

### Symptoms
- Pain and discomfort of the eye.
- Redness of the eye.
- Excess tearing.
- Difficulty keeping the eye open.

### Treatment
1. Avoid rubbing the eye.
2. Using clean water, irrigate the eye by pouring water into the eye.
3. If the object is still in the eye, use a mirror to locate it and attempt to remove it using a damp cloth or cotton swab. Be very gentle.
4. If the object is under the upper eyelid and you have a partner, have them place the tip of a cotton swab in the middle of your upper eyelid and gently fold the eyelid over the cotton swab. They can then remove the object using a damp cloth or cotton swab.
5. After the object is removed, if the eye feels scratchy, place a cold, damp cloth over it, keep the eye closed and rest, use eye drops, or construct an eye patch using a bandage or cloth.
6. Seek medical attention if the object is not removed or symptoms persist.

### Prevention
- Wear glasses or sunglasses.
- Don't lift objects with dirt on them above your head without eye protection.

## Panic attacks and calming techniques
<!-- K: panic, attack, fear, heartbeat, sweat, tremble, breath, chest, pain, nausea, dizziness, numb, tingle, calm, meditate, technique -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, fear, numbness, and tingling. Treat using a calming technique, such as meditation. -->

### Symptoms
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Sweating.
- Trembling.
- Shortness of breath.
- Chest pain.
- Nausea.
- Dizziness.
- Fear.
- Numbness or tingling.

### Treatment
1. Sit down.
2. Close your eyes.
3. Do one or more of the following:
- Take slow, deep breaths.
- Count to 10.
- Recite a calming phrase.
- Visualize a calming place.
- Meditate.
- Tense up and relax each muscle.
- Listen to music or white noise.
- Assure yourself that you will be okay.

## Poison ivy and contact dermatitis
<!-- K: poison, ivy, oak, sumac, trumpet, rengas, stinging, nettle, rash, itch, blister, red, swell, dermatitis, contact -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include a rash, itching, and blisters. Treat by washing the area with soap and water, applying calamine lotion, and taking antihistamines. Prevent by learning to identify and avoid poisonous plants. -->

Contact dermatitis is caused by contact with poisonous plants, such as poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and stinging nettle.

### Symptoms
- Burning, reddening, and swelling rash
- Itching
- Blisters

### Treatment
1. Try to remove oil from the plant using soap and water. Sand or dirt can be used as a substitute unless there are blisters.
2. Dry the area.
3. Apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream to reduce the itch. If unavailable, apply a tannic acid solution (boil acorns or oak bark in water) or crushed jewelweed.
4. Optionally, take antihistamine pills to reduce itching.

If you touched stinging nettle, you can also apply mud to the area and remove it when it dries.

Avoid scratching the rash, as it can cause infection. Leave blisters alone.

### Prevention
Learn to identify and avoid contact with the following plants:
- Cowhage
- Poison ivy
- Poison oak
- Poison sumac
- Rengas tree
- Trumpet vine
- Stinging nettle

If you come into contact with these plants, wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible. Do not wait for a rash to appear. Do not burn these plants, as the smoke can cause irritation.

## Sleeping
<!-- K: sleep, asleep, rest, nap -->
<!-- S: To fall asleep you should calm your mind, ensure you aren't too hot or cold, and use comfortable bedding. -->

Falling asleep can be difficult in the wilderness, but getting adequate rest is important for maintaining energy. To help yourself fall asleep, wind down at night by avoiding strenuous activity and calming your mind, perhaps using meditation. Ensure you aren't too hot or cold and that your sleeping area is comfortable. You might find it easier to sleep if you make a pillow by stuffing spare clothing or a stuff sack with dry leaves or other soft materials.

Some people may also find it necessary to block out noise using earplugs or listening to music or white noise if available.

## Snow blindness
<!-- K: snow, blind, eye, headache, light, sensitivity, red, scratchy, itch, uv -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include red, scratchy, and watery eyes, sensitivity to light, and headache. Treat by covering your eyes with a dark cloth. Prevent by wearing UV-protective sunglasses or snow goggles. -->

Snow blindness is caused when too much sunlight reflects off snow, ice, or water into your eyes.

### Symptoms
- Eyes are red, scratchy, and watery.
- Sensitivity to light.
- Headache.

### Treatment
Cover your eyes with a dark cloth until symptoms disappear.

### Prevention
Wear UV-protective sunglasses or snow goggles. If you do not have these, you can make snow goggles from a piece of cloth or a piece of bark with slits cut in it. You can also put soot under your eyes to reduce glare.

## Sprains and strains
<!-- K: sprain, strain, tendon, ligament, muscle, pain, swell, bruise, move, spasm, cramp, weakness, pop, tear -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, loss of motion, muscle spasms, cramping, and weakness. Treat by resting, icing, compressing, and elevating the area. Prevent this by doing warm-ups, wearing proper footwear, and watching your steps. -->

Sprains are injuries to a tendon or ligament, while strains are injuries to a muscle or tendon.

### Symptoms
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Bruising.
- Loss of functional movement.
- Muscle spasms and cramping.
- Muscle weakness.
- A pop or tear may be heard or felt during injury.

### Treatment
1. Rest the injured area.
2. Ice the area for 24 to 48 hours. You can improvise using a cloth soaked in cold water or filled with snow/ice.
3. Compress the area with a bandage or splint.
4. Elevate the area.

### Prevention
- Warm up before physical activity.
- Wear proper footwear.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Watch your step.

## Submerged in water
<!-- K: water, drown, float, submerge, swim, current, rip, tide, snow, hypothermia, fall -->
<!-- S: If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shore until you are out. If you fall through the ice, kick with your legs to crawl back onto the ice, then treat for hypothermia. -->

### Falling through ice
If you fall through the ice, do the following:
1. Turn back the way you came.
2. Kick your legs to push yourself onto the ice.
3. Roll away from the hole.
4. Crawl on your stomach to safety.
5. Move to a safe, warm location as quickly as possible.
6. Get out of wet clothes and into dry clothes.
7. Use leaves or dry grass as insulation and warm up near a fire.

### Rip currents
If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shore until you are out of the current. Then, swim back to shore.

## Sunburn
<!-- K: sunburn, burn, sunscreen, uv, sun, red, pain, swell, blister, spf, skin -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include redness, pain, swelling, and blisters. Treat by getting out of the sun, applying a burn cream, and taking pain relievers. Prevent this by wearing sunscreen, proper clothing, and staying in the shade. -->

Sunburn is caused by prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

### Symptoms
- Redness.
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Blisters.

### Treatment
1. Get out of the sun.
2. Run cool water over the burn or apply a cold compress to relieve pain.
3. To reduce pain and swelling, apply aloe vera gel, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream.
4. Optionally, take pain relievers.
5. Drink extra water.

Do not pop blisters.

### Prevention
- Wear sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30.
- Wear a hat.
- Wear long sleeves and pants.
- Stay in the shade.
- Take extra precautions on days with a high UV index.
 
17 hours ago
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<!-- K: medicine, medical, heal, health, injury, sick, ill, first-aid, symptom, treat, prevent -->
<!-- S: Calm down and apply first aid. -->

This chapter covers basic medical knowledge and techniques for common injuries and illnesses in the wilderness. It does not substitute professional medical advice/treatment or in-depth first aid guides.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, painkiller, bandage, gauze, tape, pin, needle, tweezer, antibiotic, ointment, cream, sunscreen, repellent, spray, medicine, medication, prescription, pill, lenses, glasses, reliever, sanitizer, epinephrine, epi-pen, epipen, inhaler, moleskin, molefoam, tourniquet, splint, alo, vera, gel, swab, mirror, tampon, pad, menstrual, cup, floss, toothbrush, toothpaste, toilet-paper, bidet, bag, trowel, soap, towel, lip-balm, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Bring a first aid kit. Learn basic first aid and CPR. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Assorted bandages
- Gauze
- Surgical tape
- Safety pin or needle
- Tweezers
- Antibiotic ointment
- Sunscreen
- Insect repellent
- Prescription medications, contact lenses, and glasses
- Pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
- Hand sanitizer (unscented)
- Epinephrine auto-injector (if you have severe allergies)
- Asthma inhaler (if you have asthma)

**Optional**:
- Wound closure strips/butterfly bandages
- Moleskin
- Molefoam
- Tourniquet
- C-Splint
- Aloe vera gel
- Antiseptic wipes
- Hydrocortisone cream
- Antihistamine pills (diphenhydramine)
- Superglue
- Cotton swabs
- Antidiarrheal medication (loperamide)
- Gas relievers (simethicone)
- Antacid tablets
- Mirror
- Tampons/pads/menstrual cup
- Dental floss
- Toothbrush
- Toothpaste (store this in your bear bag/container at night)
- Toilet paper and/or portable bidet
- Trash bags/container (check local regulations regarding toilet paper and human waste)
- Trowel
- Soap (unscented)
- Washcloth/microfiber towel
- Lip balm (unscented)
- Electrolyte mix

### Knowledge and skills

Start by learning how to do the following:
- Perform basic first aid and CPR.
- Calm yourself and others.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Make charcoal (see the Fire chapter).
- Make tea from plants.
- Identify medicinal plants in your area.
- Perform advanced first aid techniques, such as setting a broken bone or suturing a wound.

## Common medications
<!-- K: medication, medicine, pill, drug, aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, loperamide, simethicone, antacid, hydrocortisone, antibiotic, ointment, cream -->
<!-- S: Bring common medications with you. Only use as directed by your doctor and follow the manufacturer's instructions. -->

This is a list of common medications hikers might carry. It's not a complete list. Only use these as your doctor says and follow the package directions. Know the side effects, how much to take, and when to take them before your trip.

- **Aspirin**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, inflammation, and fevers. Many doctors recommend taking aspirin at the first signs of a heart attack, as it can help prevent further blood clots.
- **Ibuprofen**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, inflammation, and fevers. It can also cause stomachaches for some people.
- **Acetaminophen**: A pain reliever used for headaches, sore muscles, joint pain, or fevers.
- **Diphenhydramine**: An antihistamine used for allergies, itching, and sleeplessness. It may cause drowsiness.
- **Loperamide**: Used to treat diarrhea.
- **Simethicone**: A gas reliever used for gas pains.
- **Antacid tablets**: Used to treat heartburn and indigestion.
- **Hydrocortisone cream**: Soothes itchy or red skin from bites, rashes, or irritation.
- **Antibiotic ointment**: Helps prevent infection in minor cuts, scrapes, or burns.

## Allergic reactions
<!-- K: allergy, allergic, reaction, rash, itch, swell, hives, sneeze, cough, throat, breath, epinephrine, epi-pen, epipen, inject, asthma, anaphylaxis -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include rash, itching, swelling, hives, and difficulty breathing. Treat by removing the allergen, using antihistamines, or using an epinephrine auto-injector. Prevent by avoiding known allergens. -->

Allergic reactions can range from contact dermatitis (like poison ivy) or bug bites to anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that can be life-threatening.

### Symptoms

- Rash.
- Itching.
- Swelling.
- Hives.
- Runny nose.
- Sneezing.
- Coughing.
- Scratchy throat.

**Severe:**

- Difficulty breathing.
- Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.

### Treatment

1. Remove the allergen if possible.
2. If there is a rash, apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream.
3. Take antihistamine pills.

**Severe:**

Severe allergic reactions that affect breathing or cause swelling of the face, lips, or tongue require immediate medical attention. If you have an epinephrine auto-injector, use it:

1. Remove the safety cap.
2. Hold the injector with the tip against the thigh, midway between the hip and knee.
3. Press the injector into the thigh until it clicks.
4. Hold it in place for 10 seconds.
5. Repeat in 5 to 15 minutes if symptoms persist.
6. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

If you have asthma and are having an attack, use your inhaler.

### Prevention

- Avoid known allergens.
- Carry an epinephrine auto-injector if you have severe allergies.
- Take precautions for bug bites and poisonous plants (see the relevant sections).
- Tell others about your allergies and where your epinephrine auto-injector is kept.

## Altitude sickness
<!-- K: altitude, mountain, headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, breath, sleep, appetite, heartbeat, cough, acclimate, descend -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Treat by descending to a lower altitude or with pain relievers. Prevent by ascending slowly. -->

Altitude sickness is caused by low oxygen levels at high altitudes.

### Symptoms
- Headache.
- Nausea.
- Fatigue.
- Dizziness.
- Shortness of breath.
- Poor sleep.
- Loss of appetite.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Coughing.

### Treatment

- Take pain relievers (ibuprofen) for headache.
- Do not ascend until symptoms are gone.
- Descend to a lower altitude if symptoms are severe or do not improve within a day.

### Prevention

- Ascend slowly.
- Acclimate before ascending further.
- Watch for symptoms above 6,500 feet (2,000 meters).

## Bites/attacks: mammals and other animals
<!-- K: bite, attack, animal, mammal, bell, fight, pepper-spray, bear -->
<!-- S: Treat by washing the wound with soap and water, applying antibiotics, bandaging, and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by avoiding wild animals and making noise to alert them of your presence. -->

Many animals bite when threatened and some can transmit diseases.

### Treatment

1. Wash the wound with soap and water.
2. Apply antibiotic ointment.
3. Cover the wound with a bandage. Pack deep wounds with gauze but do not suture or tape them closed.
4. Seek medical attention if the wound is deep, bleeding, or shows signs of infection.

If a mammal bit you, seek medical attention as soon as possible; you may need rabies shots.

### Prevention

- Do not approach, corner, or feed wild animals.
- Use a bear bell or make noise to alert animals.
- Avoid animals with young nearby.
- If approached by an animal:
- Don't run, as this may trigger a chase.
- Make yourself look big.
- Make noise (not high-pitched screaming).
- Pick up children and pets.
- Back away slowly or move sideways.
- Use bear or pepper spray if available.
- Fight back if attacked, except by grizzlies.
- Aim for eyes, nose, or throat with rocks, sticks, or hands.
- If a **grizzly** attacks, play dead unless it stalks you, attacks in your tent, or continues attacking - then fight back.
- Keep your backpack on; it can offer protection.

## Bites: Snakes
<!-- K: snake, bite, venom, poison, antivenom, snakebite -->
<!-- S: Treat by cleaning the wound, applying a bandage, immobilizing the limb, and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by watching where you step and wearing high boots. -->

Always look for snakes, especially in areas with tall grass, rocks, or logs. Snakes are most active during the day. Most snake bites are not venomous, but if you don't know the type of snake, treat the bite as venomous.

### Treatment
1. Rinse the bite area with water.
2. Clean the wound and cover with a bandage.
3. Remove any rings or jewelry from the affected limb.
4. Wrap the limb with a bandage, starting at the bite and moving up the limb. The bandage should be tight but not cut off circulation. You should be able to slip a finger under the bandage. If you are bitten by a pit viper (like a rattlesnake), do not bandage or apply compression as this can lead to increased tissue damage.
5. Keep the limb immobilized, as you would a fracture, and below the level of the heart.
6. Seek medical attention as soon as possible. Call the hospital ahead of time so they can prepare antivenom if needed.

Do not do the following:
- Cut the wound.
- Suck out the venom.
- Apply a tourniquet.
- Apply ice.

### Prevention
- Watch where you step.
- Wear high boots.
- Do not put your hands or feet where you cannot see.
- Do not try to catch or kill snakes unless you know they are not venomous.

## Bites/stings: bugs
<!-- K: bug, bite, repel, spray, sting, insect, tick, leech, spider, scorpion, mosquito, ant, bee, wasp, hornet, fly, itch, swell, red -->
<!-- S: Treat by removing the stinger/tick/leech, cleaning the area, and, if needed, seeking medical attention. Prevent this by using insect repellent and wearing long sleeves and pants. -->

Many insects can bite or sting you, causing pain, swelling, and itching. Some insects can also transmit diseases.

### Symptoms
- Itching.
- Swelling.
- Redness.

### Treatment

**Ticks**

1. Using tweezers if available, grasp the tick where it is attached to the skin.
2. Pull straight out with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick. Do not squeeze the tick's body.
3. Treat the area as you would for a bug bite.

**Leeches**

To remove a leech:
1. Pull it taut (but not too tight).
2. Slide a fingernail or other flat object between the leech and your skin to detach it.
3. Flick the leech away before it can reattach.
4. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.
5. Apply a bandage to control bleeding. It is normal for the wound to bleed for a while.

Do not salt, burn, or pull the leech off, as this can cause it to regurgitate into the wound.

**Bites**

To reduce itching, avoid scratching and apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream. To reduce swelling, use a cloth soaked in cold water or filled with snow/ice.

If you were bitten by a spider you believe to be venomous, treat it as you would a snake bite and seek medical attention.

**Stings**

Remove any stingers, taking care not to squeeze the venom sac. Treat it as if it were a bug bite.

If you were stung by a scorpion or insect you believe to be venomous, treat it as a snake bite and seek medical attention.

**Bugs in eyes**

See the section on objects in the eye.

### Prevention
- Use insect repellent.
- Wear long sleeves and pants.
- Wrap your face with a bandana.
- Wear glasses/sunglasses (to keep bugs out of your eyes).
- Use a bug net.
- Check for ticks/leeches frequently.
- Ensure your immunizations are current for bug-borne diseases in the area.

You can make an improvised bug repellent by applying mud to your skin or using fire smoke.

## Bleeding
<!-- K: bleed, blood, wound, cut, scrape, deep, clot, pressure, tourniquet, bandage, red, swell, warm, pus -->
<!-- S: Treat by applying pressure, cleaning the wound, bandaging, and, if needed, seek medical attention. Prevent infection by cleaning wounds and changing bandages frequently. -->

### Treatment
Seek medical attention if the wound is deep, bleeding profusely, or shows signs of infection. Infected wounds can be identified by redness, swelling, warmth, and pus.

**Scrapes and minor cuts**
1. Clean the wound with water.
2. Optionally, apply antibiotic ointment.
3. Apply a bandage. You can use medical grade superglue if needed.

**Deeper cuts**
1. Apply pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage. You may need to apply pressure for about 10 to 20 minutes.
2. Clean the wound and irrigate it with water.
3. Bandage the wound with a sterile dressing.
4. Place new bandages over the old ones if they become soaked with blood.
5. Raise the wound above the level of the heart.
6. Seek medical attention if bleeding does not stop or if the wound is deep.

You can apply a tourniquet to stop blood flow if direct pressure does not work on a limb. This should only be done as a last resort, as it can cause permanent damage. Only a medical professional should remove a tourniquet.

### Prevention
- Use caution when handling sharp objects.
- Do not cut toward yourself.
- Watch your footing.
- To prevent infection:
- Clean wounds.
- Use antibiotic ointment.
- Change bandages frequently.

## Blisters
<!-- K: blister, rub, shoe, sock, moleskin, red, sore -->
<!-- S: Treat small blisters by applying moleskin and large blisters by draining with a sterilized needle, cleaning, and bandaging. Preventing this by keeping feet dry and wearing properly fitting shoes. -->

### Symptoms
- Red, sore area.
- Blister.

### Treatment
If the blister is small:
1. Cut a doughnut-shaped piece of moleskin.
2. Place the moleskin around the blister, with the blister in the hole.

If the blister is large or painful:
1. Sterilize a needle with alcohol or heat.
2. Pierce the blister near the edge and drain the fluid.
3. Clean and wash the area.
4. Apply a bandage and, optionally, antibiotic ointment.

### Prevention
- Keep feet dry.
- Wear properly fitting shoes.
- Wear two pairs of socks.
- Check feet frequently for red areas and blisters.
- Stop at the first sign of rubbing.
- Apply adhesive tape or moleskin to prevent blisters.

## Burns
<!-- K: burn, scald, blister, red, pain, aloe, vera, fire, skin -->
<!-- S: Treat minor burns by soaking with cool water and loosely bandage. Seek medical attention for severe burns. Prevent by using caution around fires and hot objects. -->

### Treatment

**First-degree burns**

This is about the level of a mild sunburn.

1. Soak with cool water for 5 minutes.
2. Optionally, take pain relievers.
3. Apply aloe vera gel, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream.

**Second-degree burns**
This is a burn that blisters and can be very painful.

1. Soak with cool water for at least 15 minutes.
2. Take pain relievers.
3. Pat the area dry.
4. Apply a loose bandage.

Do not pop blisters.

**Third-degree burns**
This is a burn that goes through all layers of skin and may be life-threatening. Pain may be minimal due to nerve damage. Second-degree burns are likely also present.

1. Call emergency services.
2. Soak with cool water.
3. Remove clothing and jewelry from the area.
4. Drink water with electrolytes.
5. Bandage loosely.

### Prevention
- Use caution around fires.
- Do not touch hot objects.
- Wear sunscreen.
- If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop to the ground, and roll to extinguish the flames.

## Choking
<!-- K: choke, throat, breath, heimlich, maneuver -->
<!-- S: Perform the Heimlich maneuver. -->

If you are choking and someone is nearby, place your hands on your throat to signal that you are choking.

### Treatment
Perform the Heimlich maneuver on yourself:
1. If possible, bend over a hard surface.
2. Make a fist with one hand.
3. Place the thumb side of your fist against your abdomen, below your ribcage and above your navel.
4. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into your abdomen with a quick upward thrust.

Perform the Heimlich maneuver on someone else:
1. Stand behind the person.
2. Reach around the person's waist.
3. Make a fist with one hand.
4. Place the thumb side of your fist against the person's abdomen, below the ribcage and above the navel.
5. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into the person's abdomen with a quick upward thrust.

## Cramps
<!-- K: cramp, muscle, pain, spasm, weak, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Treat by stretching, massaging, applying heat or cold, and hydrating. Prevent by staying hydrated and replenishing electrolytes. -->

Cramps can be caused by dehydration, overexertion, or lack of electrolytes.

### Symptoms
- Muscle pain.
- Muscle spasms.
- Muscle weakness.

### Treatment
- Gently stretch the muscle.
- Massage the muscle.
- Apply heat or cold to the muscle.
- Drink water or an electrolyte solution containing sodium and potassium.
- Eat salty foods.
- Eat potassium-rich foods (bananas, potatoes, sweet potatoes, spinach, and lentils).
- Slow down or stop physical activity.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Replenish electrolytes.
- Warm up before physical activity.
- Stretch before and after physical activity.
- Maintain a slow and steady pace.

## Dehydration
<!-- K: dehydrate, water, thirst, dry, fatigue, dizziness, dark, urine, headache, confusion, electrolyte, drink -->
<!-- S: Rehydrate by drinking water with electrolytes. Prevent by drinking water frequently and increasing intake during physical activity. -->

### Symptoms
- Thirst.
- Dry mouth and throat.
- Fatigue.
- Dizziness.
- Dark urine.
- Reduced urine output.
- Dry skin.
- Headache.
- Confusion.

### Treatment
Rehydrate by drinking water, an electrolyte solution, or tea.

### Prevention
- Drink water frequently, increasing intake during physical activity.

## Embedded fishhooks
<!-- K: fishhook, hook, remove -->
<!-- S: Hooks can be removed by running a line through the bend and pulling quickly while pushing down on the hook. Prevent by handling hooks with care. -->

Fishhooks are designed to penetrate flesh and are difficult to remove without causing further injury. Unless you need to remove the hook to prevent further injury, it's best to leave the hook in place and seek medical attention.

### Treatment
Do not attempt to remove a fishhook if it is embedded in the eye.

**Method 1**

1. Advance the hook through the skin until the barb is exposed.
2. Cut the barb off with wire cutters like those on a multitool or pliers.
3. Pull the hook opposite from how it entered; it should come out easily.
4. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.

**Method 2**

1. Run a fishing line or cordage through the bend of the hook.
2. Grab the ends of the string.
3. Apply downward pressure on the eye of the hook.
4. Quickly pull the string, causing the hook to come out the way it went in.
5. Clean the wound and apply antibiotic ointment.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/hook_removal.webp)

### Prevention
- Be careful when handling fishhooks.
- Use a barbless hook if possible (these don't work as well when fishing).

## Fractures
<!-- K: fracture, break, broken, bone, pain, swelling, bruise, deform, weight, splint, sling, set -->
<!-- S: Treat by splinting and seeking medical attention. Prevent this by being cautious and wearing proper footwear. -->

A fracture is a broken bone. A fracture can be closed (bone is broken, but skin is intact) or open (bone is broken and protruding from the skin).

### Symptoms
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Bruising.
- Deformity.
- Loss of function.
- Inability to bear weight.
- Bone protruding from the skin.

### Treatment
If the bone is out of place and medical attention is unavailable for several hours, you may need to set it. Otherwise, splint it in place and seek medical attention.

**Setting a bone**

1. Irrigate and clean the wound if the bone is protruding.
2. Grab the limb below the fracture.
3. Pull the limb to straighten the bone. It may pop into place, and pain may decrease.
4. Splint the bone while holding it in place.
5. Cover the open wound with a sterile dressing and bandage.

**Splinting a bone**

1. Remove all jewelry and tight clothing from the area.
2. Apply padding around the fracture.
3. Construct a splint using a rigid object (stick, trekking pole, tent pole). It should extend past the bone break on both sides.
4. Secure the splint with bandages, tape, or cordage. It should be tight but not cut off circulation. If splinting a finger, tape it to the one next to it.
5. Apply a sling if the fracture is in the arm to help immobilize the limb.


![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/5.webp)

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/6.webp)

### Prevention
- Be cautious when walking on uneven terrain.
- Wear proper footwear.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Be careful when handling heavy objects.

## Frostbite
<!-- K: frostbite, frost, cold, freeze, frozen, numb, white, gray, yellow, waxy, pain, thaw, warm, heat, red, frostnip -->
<!-- S: Treat by rewarming the area and seeking medical attention. Prevent by staying warm and dry. -->

Frostbite is caused by exposure to cold temperatures, which freezes the skin and underlying tissues. If not treated, it can lead to permanent damage.

### Symptoms

**Frostnip**:

- Redness.
- Numbness.
- Pale or white skin.
- The area is still soft and pliable.

**Frostbite**:

- White or grayish-yellow skin.
- Hard or waxy skin.
- Numbness.

### Treatment

**Frostnip**:

Rewarm the area using body heat (place a hand under the armpit), warm water, or a hand warmer.

**Frostbite**:

Only thaw the area if you can keep it thawed. Refreezing can cause more damage. Do not use a fire to thaw the area. Do not rub the area. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

1. Take pain medicine before thawing.
2. Prepare hot water (104-108°F / 40-42°C).
3. Thaw the area for 30 to 45 minutes or until it is pink/red and soft. If the water cools, change it - remove the area from the water before changing it.
4. Wrap the area in a sterile dressing and keep warm.

### Prevention
- Wear proper clothing.
- Keep dry.
- Keep moving.
- Keep warm.
- Stay hydrated and well-fed.
- Treat at the first sign of frostnip.

## Gastrointestinal issues
<!-- K: gastrointestinal, stomach, gut, diarrhea, vomit, nausea, cramp, gas, food, water, poison, charcoal, tea, parasite, constipated -->
<!-- S: Treat by rehydrating or using medicine. Prevent this by boiling water, washing hands, cooking, and storing food properly. -->

Gastrointestinal issues can be caused by contaminated food or water.

### Symptoms
- Diarrhea.
- Vomiting.
- Nausea.
- Stomach cramps.
- Gas.

### Treatment
- Rehydrate with water.
- Drink a cup of tea every few hours. You can make tea by boiling the following plants:
- Oak bark, leaves, and acorns. Boil for two or more hours. It won't taste good, but it may help.
- Common plantain leaves.
- Make a solution of a handful of ground charcoal in a cup of water. Drink a couple of spoonfuls every few hours.
- If you ate something poisonous, seek medical help immediately. If you can't contact help, drinking charcoal may help. Do not induce vomiting.

### Prevention
- Boil water before drinking.
- Wash hands before eating.
- Cook food thoroughly.
- Store food properly.

## Headache
<!-- K: headache, pain, electrolyte -->
<!-- S: Treat by taking pain relievers, drinking water, and resting. Prevent by staying hydrated and replenishing electrolytes. -->

Headaches can be caused by various factors, such as dehydration, stress, lack of sleep, or illness.

### Treatment
- Take pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen).
- Drink water or an electrolyte solution.
- Rest.
- Eat salty foods.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Replenish electrolytes.
- Do not overexert yourself.

## Heart problems
<!-- K: heart, chest, pain, arm, back, neck, jaw, stomach, attack, stroke, exhaustion, sweat, nausea, lightheaded, breath, heartbeat, cpr -->
<!-- S: Seek medical attention for chest pain. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in limbs, nausea, lightheadedness, and cold sweats. -->

To be safe, seek medical attention if you experience chest pain as soon as possible.

### Symptoms
- Chest pain.
- Shortness of breath.
- Pain in the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
- Nausea.
- Lightheadedness.
- Cold sweat.

### Treatment
1. Stop and sit comfortably.
2. If you have as-needed heart medication, take it. Otherwise, take aspirin. Chew the aspirin for faster absorption.
3. Call emergency services and have help come to you.

If someone else does not have a pulse, perform CPR.

**CPR**:

1. Check for responsiveness and pulse.
2. Call emergency services if there is no pulse, then start CPR.
3. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest.
4. Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first hand.
5. Interlock fingers.
6. Keep your arms straight and your shoulders directly over your hands.
7. Push hard and fast at least 2 inches (5 cm) at 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
8. Let the chest rise completely between compressions.
9. Continue until the patient is responsive, emergency services arrive, or you are too exhausted to continue.

If you are fully trained in CPR, perform rescue breathing after 30 compressions. Otherwise, just do compressions.

**Rescue breathing**:

1. Tilt the head back and lift the chin.
2. Pinch the nose shut.
3. Give two breaths, each lasting about 1 second and causing the chest to rise.
4. Repeat the cycle of 30 compressions and two breaths.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Talk to your doctor about your heart health.
- Seek medical attention if you have any chest pain.

## Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
<!-- K: heat, exhaustion, stroke, heatstroke, pale, hot, sweat, fatigue, heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, vomit, cramp, muscle, headache, chill, confusion, seizure, unconscious, electrolyte, shade, break, overexert -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include pale skin, sweating, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, headache, and chills. Treat by moving to a cooling down and drinking water. Prevent this by staying hydrated, wearing proper clothing, and taking breaks in the shade. -->

Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are caused by exposure to high temperatures and dehydration.

### Symptoms

**Heat exhaustion**:

- Pale skin.
- Sweating.
- Fatigue.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Dizziness.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Muscle cramps.
- Headache.
- Chills.

**Heatstroke**:

- Same symptoms as heat exhaustion, but more severe.
- Confusion.
- Seizures.
- Unconsciousness.

### Treatment

**Heat exhaustion**:

1. Move to a cool place.
2. Drink a lot of water or an electrolyte solution.
3. Douse yourself with water or immerse yourself in water.

**Heatstroke**:

1. Call emergency services.
2. Move to a cool place.
3. Remove excess clothing.
4. Immerse yourself in water.
5. Be cautious when rehydrating, as seizures and vomiting can lead to choking.

### Prevention
- Stay hydrated.
- Wear proper clothing.
- Stay in the shade.
- Take breaks in the shade.
- Avoid physical activity during the hottest part of the day.
- Do not overexert yourself.

## Hygiene
<!-- K: hygiene, clean, wash, soap, shampoo, sanitize, toothbrush, teeth, tooth, toothpaste, brush, feet, socks, dry, clothes, defecate, urinate, bathroom, trowel -->
<!-- S: Wash hands frequently, especially before eating and after using the bathroom. -->

### Washing
If you do not have soap, you can substitute white ashes, sand, or loamy soil.

Wash hands:
- Before and after preparing food.
- Before eating.
- After urinating or defecating.
- Before dressing a wound.
- After touching something likely to carry germs or be poisonous.

### Teeth
If you do not have a toothbrush, you can clean your teeth with a small stick (fray it by chewing on one end) or a piece of cloth. An inner strand of paracord can be used as dental floss. You can grind up charcoal and combine it with water to make toothpaste.

### Feet
Do the following to prevent foot problems:
- Change and wash socks daily.
- Wash, dry, and massage your feet.
- Check frequently for blisters and red areas. Use adhesive tape/moleskin to prevent blisters.

### Clothing
Keep clothing clean and dry. Wash clothes with water and soap or boil them. To dry clothes, hang them in the sun or near a fire (not too close).

### Bowel movements and urination
- Dig a hole 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 centimeters) deep for bowel movements and cover it with dirt.
- If you do not have a trowel, use a stick to dig the hole.
- If you do not have toilet paper or a bidet, use non-poisonous leaves, moss, or smooth rocks to clean yourself.
- Always wash your hands after using the bathroom.
- Do not defecate or urinate near water sources (at least 200 feet / 60 meters away).

## Hypothermia
<!-- K: hypothermia, cold, freeze, frozen, shiver, coordination, memory, speech, slur, speak, drowsiness, breath, heartbeat, heat, warm, fire -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include shivering, coldness, impaired coordination, memory loss, slurred speech, and drowsiness. Treat by getting dry and warming up. Prevent by wearing proper clothing, keeping dry, moving, and keeping warm. -->

Hypothermia is caused by exposure to cold temperatures, causing the body to lose heat faster than it can produce.

### Symptoms
- Shivering. If shivering stops, it is a sign of severe hypothermia.
- Coldness.
- Impaired coordination.
- Memory loss.
- Slurred speech.
- Drowsiness.
- Slow breathing and heart rate.

### Treatment
- Change into dry clothes.
- Increase layers of clothing.
- Add insulation into clothing (such as dry leaves).
- Consume warm liquids.
- Warm near a fire.
- Use a sleeping bag or blanket.
- Use the body heat of another person.

### Prevention
- Wear proper clothing.
- Keep dry.
- Keep moving.
- Keep warm.

## Objects in the eye
<!-- K: eye, object, something, bug -->
<!-- S: Treat by irrigating the eye with clean water and removing the object with a damp cloth or cotton swab. Prevent by wearing glasses or sunglasses. -->

It is common to get objects in your eye while in the wilderness, such as dirt, sand, bugs, or an eyelash.

### Symptoms
- Pain and discomfort of the eye.
- Redness of the eye.
- Excess tearing.
- Difficulty keeping the eye open.

### Treatment
1. Avoid rubbing the eye.
2. Using clean water, irrigate the eye by pouring water into the eye.
3. If the object is still in the eye, use a mirror to locate it and attempt to remove it using a damp cloth or cotton swab. Be very gentle.
4. If the object is under the upper eyelid and you have a partner, have them place the tip of a cotton swab in the middle of your upper eyelid and gently fold the eyelid over the cotton swab. They can then remove the object using a damp cloth or cotton swab.
5. After the object is removed, if the eye feels scratchy, place a cold, damp cloth over it, keep the eye closed and rest, use eye drops, or construct an eye patch using a bandage or cloth.
6. Seek medical attention if the object is not removed or symptoms persist.

### Prevention
- Wear glasses or sunglasses.
- Don't lift objects with dirt on them above your head without eye protection.

## Panic attacks and calming techniques
<!-- K: panic, attack, fear, heartbeat, sweat, tremble, breath, chest, pain, nausea, dizziness, numb, tingle, calm, meditate, technique -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, fear, numbness, and tingling. Treat using a calming technique, such as meditation. -->

### Symptoms
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Sweating.
- Trembling.
- Shortness of breath.
- Chest pain.
- Nausea.
- Dizziness.
- Fear.
- Numbness or tingling.

### Treatment
1. Sit down.
2. Close your eyes.
3. Do one or more of the following:
- Take slow, deep breaths.
- Count to 10.
- Recite a calming phrase.
- Visualize a calming place.
- Meditate.
- Assure yourself that you will be okay.

## Poison ivy and contact dermatitis
<!-- K: poison, ivy, oak, sumac, trumpet, rengas, stinging, nettle, rash, itch, blister, red, swell, dermatitis, contact -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include a rash, itching, and blisters. Treat by washing the area with soap and water, applying calamine lotion, and taking antihistamines. Prevent by learning to identify and avoid poisonous plants. -->

Contact dermatitis is caused by contact with poisonous plants, such as poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and stinging nettle.

### Symptoms
- Burning, reddening, and swelling rash
- Itching
- Blisters

### Treatment
1. Try to remove oil from the plant using soap and water. Sand or dirt can be used as a substitute unless there are blisters.
2. Dry the area.
3. Apply calamine lotion or hydrocortisone cream to reduce the itch. If unavailable, apply a tannic acid solution (boil acorns or oak bark in water) or crushed jewelweed.
4. Optionally, take antihistamine pills to reduce itching.

If you touched stinging nettle, you can also apply mud to the area and remove it when it dries.

Avoid scratching the rash, as it can cause infection. Leave blisters alone.

### Prevention
Learn to identify and avoid contact with the following plants:
- Cowhage
- Poison ivy
- Poison oak
- Poison sumac
- Rengas tree
- Trumpet vine
- Stinging nettle

If you come into contact with these plants, wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible. Do not wait for a rash to appear. Do not burn these plants, as the smoke can cause irritation.

## Snow blindness
<!-- K: snow, blind, eye, headache, light, sensitivity, red, scratchy, itch, uv -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include red, scratchy, and watery eyes, sensitivity to light, and headache. Treat by covering your eyes with a dark cloth. Prevent by wearing UV-protective sunglasses or snow goggles. -->

Snow blindness is caused when too much sunlight reflects off snow, ice, or water into your eyes.

### Symptoms
- Eyes are red, scratchy, and watery.
- Sensitivity to light.
- Headache.

### Treatment
Cover your eyes with a dark cloth until symptoms disappear.

### Prevention
Wear UV-protective sunglasses or snow goggles. If you do not have these, you can make snow goggles from a piece of cloth or a piece of bark with slits cut in it. You can also put soot under your eyes to reduce glare.

## Sprains and strains
<!-- K: sprain, strain, tendon, ligament, muscle, pain, swell, bruise, move, spasm, cramp, weakness, pop, tear -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, loss of motion, muscle spasms, cramping, and weakness. Treat by resting, icing, compressing, and elevating the area. Prevent this by doing warm-ups, wearing proper footwear, and watching your steps. -->

Sprains are injuries to a tendon or ligament, while strains are injuries to a muscle or tendon.

### Symptoms
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Bruising.
- Loss of functional movement.
- Muscle spasms and cramping.
- Muscle weakness.
- A pop or tear may be heard or felt during injury.

### Treatment
1. Rest the injured area.
2. Ice the area for 24 to 48 hours. You can improvise using a cloth soaked in cold water or filled with snow/ice.
3. Compress the area with a bandage or splint.
4. Elevate the area.

### Prevention
- Warm up before physical activity.
- Wear proper footwear.
- Do not overexert yourself.
- Watch your step.

## Submerged in water
<!-- K: water, drown, float, submerge, swim, current, rip, tide, snow, hypothermia, fall -->
<!-- S: If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shore until you are out. If you fall through the ice, kick with your legs to crawl back onto the ice, then treat for hypothermia. -->

### Falling through ice
If you fall through the ice, do the following:
1. Turn back the way you came.
2. Kick your legs to push yourself onto the ice.
3. Roll away from the hole.
4. Crawl on your stomach to safety.
5. Move to a safe, warm location as quickly as possible.
6. Get out of wet clothes and into dry clothes.
7. Use leaves or dry grass as insulation and warm up near a fire.

### Rip currents
If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shore until you are out of the current. Then, swim back to shore.

## Sunburn
<!-- K: sunburn, burn, sunscreen, uv, sun, red, pain, swell, blister, spf, skin -->
<!-- S: Symptoms include redness, pain, swelling, and blisters. Treat by getting out of the sun, applying a burn cream, and taking pain relievers. Prevent this by wearing sunscreen, proper clothing, and staying in the shade. -->

Sunburn is caused by prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

### Symptoms
- Redness.
- Pain.
- Swelling.
- Blisters.

### Treatment
1. Get out of the sun.
2. Run cool water over the burn or apply a cold compress to relieve pain.
3. To reduce pain and swelling, apply aloe vera gel, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream.
4. Optionally, take pain relievers.
5. Drink extra water.

Do not pop blisters.

### Prevention
- Wear sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30.
- Wear a hat.
- Wear long sleeves and pants.
- Stay in the shade.
- Take extra precautions on days with a high UV index.
 
18 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
Tinder Fungus
A hoof-shaped fungus that grows on hardwoods such as birch, beech, and oak. Tinder fungus has a hard exterior and the inside can be used as tinder or to hold an ember for hours.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomes_fomentarius
 
18 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
Morel
A hollow mushroom with a honeycomb-like, conical cap that is connected to the stem at the base. They are edible and can be found during the Spring. Be cautious of inedible lookalikes with a brain-like appearance or caps attached only at the top.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella
 
18 hours ago
User avatar None

Resource updated
The “guides/en-US” file was changed. 20 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<!-- K: food, eat, meal, hunger, hungry, forage, identify, edible, inedible -->
<!-- S: Ration food and forage when there's none left. -->

Food gives you energy but is a low priority in most survival situations since you can go weeks without it. If you haven't eaten in a while, focus on foraging for bugs, shellfish, and aggregate berries.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, nuts, seeds, dried, fruit, jerky, energy, bar, mre, can, knife, multitool, multitool, bag, canister, utensil, stove, fuel -->
<!-- S: Bring extra food. Learn how to find food and cook in the wilderness. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include:
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Dried fruit
- Jerky
- Energy bars
- Dehydrated meals (with extra water)
- Canned food (with a can opener if needed)
- Knife or multitool
- Bear bag or canister

**Optional**:
- Cooking pot or container
- Utensils (a spork is a good option)
- Cooking stove and fuel

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Plan your meals for a trip.
- Cook food by boiling or roasting over a fire.
- Use a bear bag or canister to protect your food.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Identify edible plants and mushrooms.
- Find and catch insects, shellfish, crustaceans, fish, and other animals.
- Preserve food.
- Make traps.

## Food essentials
<!-- K: nutrition, caloric, calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, storage, starvation, ration -->
<!-- S: You need around 2,000 calories daily, but you can ration your food to make it last longer. You should properly store your food to avoid spoilage. -->

### Caloric and nutritional needs
The average person needs around 2,000 calories per day. Balance carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in your diet.

- **Carbohydrates**: Provide an immediate source of energy and are found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aim for 45–65% of your daily caloric intake.
- **Fats**: Provide long-term energy and are used in essential bodily functions. They are found in meats, oils, nuts, and seeds. Aim for 20–35% of your daily caloric intake.
- **Proteins**: Build and repair tissues and are found in meats, legumes, nuts, and seeds.
- **Vitamins and minerals**: Essential for overall health and are found in most foods, but a varied diet is necessary to ensure you get all the essential nutrients.

### Storage

Food should be stored in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and contamination. Do not pack foods that spoil quickly or require refrigeration. If you bring zipper storage bags, you can also use them for water procurement.

### Rationing

If you are in a survival situation, ration your food to make it last longer. Eat two-thirds of your food in the first half of your survival situation (about 2-3 days after your expected return date) and the remaining third in the following days. Eating food will give you the energy to construct a shelter and plan.

### Starvation

Starvation occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to function correctly. Symptoms include loss of body fat, difficulty breathing, feeling colder, fatigue, and increased healing times.

## Plants and mushrooms
<!-- K: plant, mushroom, seaweed, weeds, green, sap, fungus, forage, poison, toxic, leach, berries -->
<!-- S: Only eat plants you can confidently identify as safe, and don't eat mushrooms. Aggregate berries, like raspberries and blackberries, are generally safe. -->

Plants typically have fewer calories than animals but can be easier to obtain if you can identify them. If you can't identify which plants are safe, just focus on bugs and shellfish. You should also avoid mushrooms unless you are experienced in foraging, since many can make you sick. Familiarize yourself with local plants and mushrooms before your trip.

### Foraging

The safest plant to forage is aggregate berries, such as raspberries and blackberries, since they have a distinctive look and are generally edible. Nuts and seeds are higher in calories than leafy greens, but some nuts, such as acorns, require multiple batches of boiling. Also, just because you see an animal eating a plant doesn't mean it is safe for human consumption. Never eat a plant you aren't certain is edible; even if you are certain, only eat a small amount and be on the lookout for side effects.

**The following should be avoided as the risk isn't worth the calories:**
- Mushrooms
- Plants that have:
- Umbrella-shaped flowers
- Milky sap
- Shiny leaves
- White, yellow, or red berries (except aggregate berries)
- Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods
- Pungent odor
- An almond/cyanide scent in the leaves or wood
- Bitter or soapy taste
- Thorns, hairs, or spines
- A three-leaved growth pattern
- Mildew or fungus
- Plants that look like dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley
- Spoiled plants/mushrooms/seaweed
- Anything growing alongside a road or in dirty water

### Preparation

All plants you gather should be washed and cooked. Many can be eaten raw, but if you have the means to cook them, it will be safer to avoid the risk of contamination.

## Insects
<!-- K: insect, bug, grub, worm, ant, termite, locust, grasshopper, cricket, dragonfly, bait -->
<!-- S: Most insects can be eaten when cooked or used as fishing bait. -->

Insects are a good source of protein but need to be gathered in large numbers to provide a substantial meal. If you don't want to eat insects, you can use them as bait for fishing or trapping.

### Collection

Good places to find insects include rotting logs, under rocks, and in grassy fields. Common edible bugs include ants, termites, locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, grubs, and worms. At night, many flying insects can be attracted to a light source.

Do not eat the following:
- Biting or stinging insects
- Hairy or brightly colored insects
- Insects with a pungent odor
- Hairy caterpillars
- Spiders
- Anything that feeds off blood, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes

### Preparation

To prepare bugs for cooking, remove any stingers and optionally the legs, wings, and head before eating. You should cook all bugs before eating them. Worms can be placed in water for 15 minutes to purge their digestive tracts before cooking.

## Shellfish and crustaceans
<!-- K: shellfish, crustacean, clam, mussel, snail, limpet, crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, shell, bait, basket, trap, seafood, algae, tide, coastal, coast -->
<!-- S: Many shellfish and crustaceans are found along the shoreline; most can be eaten when cooked. -->

Shellfish and crustaceans are good sources of protein and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. They are relatively easy to catch, making them good survival food sources.

### Collection

Search shallow waters, tide pools, and rocky areas for shellfish and crustaceans. Snails and limpets are often attached to rocks, which may be easier to access during low tide. Crayfish, lobsters, and crabs can be found under and around stones, in soft mud or sand, and may be more active at night. Crustaceans can be caught by attaching bait onto a line (no hook required, they'll grab it), baiting the shoreline and waiting for them to leave the water, or using a fish basket trap with bait.

Some shellfish may be poisonous, and be especially cautious of mussels in tropical waters during the summer, any shellfish within three days of a red tide, or shellfish covered by water during high tide.

### Preparation

You should cook all shellfish and crustaceans before eating. You can cook them in their shells.

## Fish
<!-- K: fish, hook, line, pole, bait, basket, trap, funnel, kill, seafood, meat -->
<!-- S: Most fish are edible once cooked but will require some fishing gear. -->

If you are in a longer-term survival situation or have access to fishing gear, fish can be a good source of protein and nutrients. Most fish are edible, but research which fish may be dangerous in your area.

### Fishing

Fish are most active before a storm, near rocks or logs, and under overhanging brush.

**Hook and line**

Fishing with a hook and line is likely your most familiar technique. You will need to secure a hook onto a line and optionally tie it to a pole. You can use the following knot to tie the hook to the line. Use a wet finger to help tighten it to the hook.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_fishermans.webp)

Hooks with barbs are more effective than barbless hooks at keeping fish on the line. For best results, bait the hooks using insects, worms, or pieces of food. If you need to craft a hook, go with a gorge hook since it is easy to make and doesn't need to be set manually. One downside is that any fish caught with a gorge hook will almost certainly die if released. To carve a gorge hook, sharpen both sides of a small section of wood or bone and taper it at the center. Place the hook into the bait.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/gorge_hook.webp)

If you do not have fishing line, you can make it from plant fibers, inner strands of paracord (using a bend knot to join them together), or other strong cordage.

If you do not have a fishing pole, you can tie the line to both the base and tip of a sturdy stick - try to mimic what an actual fishing pole looks like. You can also wrap the line around a short stick and use it as a hand line. An easier technique may be to tie the line to a tree branch so you can do other things and check it frequently.

**Traps**

You can construct a basket fish trap by weaving branches or other materials together. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check it every few hours. This can also be used to catch crustaceans.

Alternatively, use a funnel fish trap by placing sticks into a V-shape with a retaining area at the end. Fish swim into the trap and are unable to find their way out. In tidal areas, you can set up a wall of stones during low tide; as the tide recedes, fish may get trapped behind the wall.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp)

### Preparation

1. Once you catch a fish, bring it away from the shoreline. Do not hold or place it near the water before killing it, as it may flop back in.
2. Stun the fish by hitting it hard on the head with a club or rock. Then use a knife to cut the gills or pierce the brain to ensure it is dead.
3. Remove scales by scraping them off with a knife (tail to head).
4. Cut open the belly and remove the entrails. You can also cut off the head and tail to make this easier.
5. Cut the fish into usable pieces or fillet it. If it is small, you can cook it whole.
6. Cook the fish.

## Other animals
<!-- K: animal, hunt, bow, trap, deadfall, bird, reptile, amphibian, frog, snake, mammal, skin, kill, meat, butcher, skin -->
<!-- S: Hunting or trapping can be energy-consuming and difficult without proper tools. -->

In a survival situation, it's best to focus on easier-to-catch animals like insects, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish. But if you have the means to catch other animals, they can provide a good source of protein and nutrients. Unless you are a hunter with proper gear, do not try to hunt large animals.

### Hunting

**Clubs**

A club can be as simple as a stick with a heavy end. This can kill or stun fish or other small animals with a quick, forceful blow to the head.

**Spears**

A spear can be made by sharpening a stick. Unless you have experience, it's best to stab with the spear rather than throw it. To make it easier to hit your target, you can construct multiple spear points using a forked branch.

**Throwing sticks and rocks**

In a pinch, you can throw a heavy stick or rock to kill or stun small animals. Aim for the head to ensure a quick kill.

### Trapping

Traps allow for the passive capture of small animals. They can be set up and left alone while you perform other tasks. Check them every few hours. Look for signs of animal activity like tracks, droppings, or chewed vegetation. Set up traps in areas where animals are likely to pass through. You can construct funnels or walls to guide animals into them. Baiting the traps can increase their effectiveness. Smoking the traps can help mask your scent.

**Deadfalls**

Deadfall traps work by dropping a heavy object on the animal when it triggers the trap. The trigger mechanism can be made from a stick and a bait stick. The trigger is released when the animal takes the bait, causing the heavy object to fall. Place one or more of these traps near your shelter to catch mice.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/34.webp)

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/35.webp)

### Birds

Birds are most easily caught at night when roosting, or you can eat eggs from nests. Use a club, throwing stick, or rock to kill or stun the bird.

To prepare a bird for cooking:

1. Pluck feathers. To make this easier, place the bird in boiling water. Optionally, you can skin the bird, but that removes some fat.
2. Cut open the body cavity and remove the entrails.
3. For larger birds, cut off the feet and separate the bird into usable pieces along the joints.
4. Cook the bird.

If you catch a seabird, skin it instead of plucking the feathers to remove the oil glands. If you catch a scavenger bird like a vulture, boil it for at least 20 minutes to kill parasites.

### Reptiles and amphibians

Reptiles and amphibians are easier to catch than mammals and birds. Many can be found basking in open ground, on logs, or at the water's edge. Use a multi-pointed spear or pin them down with a stick behind the head.

Always wash your hands after handling reptiles and amphibians, as they can carry salmonella. Cook the meat thoroughly.

**Do not eat the following**:
- Box turtles
- Hawksbill turtles
- Brightly colored frogs
- Frogs with an X on their back
- Tree frogs
- Toads
- Salamanders
- Snakes: they are edible but may be dangerous to catch
- If you kill a snake, cut off and bury its head before cleaning. Never touch the head with your hands; use sticks instead.

### Small mammals

Small mammals can be caught using traps, clubs, throwing sticks, or rocks.

To prepare a small mammal for cooking:

1. Make cuts down the insides of the back legs.
2. Pull the skin off the body like a glove. You'll need to sever the head and front feet to remove the skin.
3. Cut open the abdominal cavity and remove the entrails. Be careful not to puncture the intestines.

This guide does not cover the preparation of large mammals, as they are challenging to catch and require a lot of energy to process.

## Cooking
<!-- K: cook, boil, roast, bake, utensil, container, stove -->
<!-- S: To avoid getting sick, boil, roast, or bake most foods. This will require you to start a fire or have a portable stove. -->

Do not try to preserve the food you catch; just cook and eat it.

### Stoves

Portable stoves are convenient ways to cook food. They can be fueled by wood, alcohol, or gas. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. You'll most likely use this to boil water rather than cook the food directly on the flame. Be sure to let the stove cool down before packing it away.

### Boiling

Boiling preserves the most nutrients in food and is the safest cooking method. A metal container filled with water can be suspended over a fire or placed onto hot coals. See the Water chapter for more information on boiling water.

### Roasting

Roasting is a quick and easy cooking method, but the food is less nutritious. You can roast food on a stick over a fire or place it on hot coals.

### Baking

You can wrap food in leaves or clay and place it in the coals of a fire to bake it. This method is slower than roasting but preserves more nutrients. Do not skin fish or birds packed with clay; the skin will stick to the clay and can be removed after cooking.

### Utensils

If you are packing utensils, a spork is a good option. Otherwise, you can handle food with a stick or your hands. Be sure to wash your hands before and after eating.

## Protection
<!-- K: protect, bear, bag, canister, box -->
<!-- S: Use bear bags or canisters to prevent animals from stealing your food. -->

You may need to protect your food from animals. Here are some methods to keep your food safe:

### Bear bags

A bear bag is a bag of food hoisted into a tree to keep it out of reach of bears and other animals. Find a tree with a branch about 20 feet (6 meters) off the ground and thick enough to support the weight of your food at about 10 feet (3 meters) from the trunk.

1. Place food in a bag.
2. Tie a rope to the bag.
3. Throw the other end of the rope over a branch. To give the line weight, attach a short stick to the end of it. Secure the stick with a clove hitch or jam knot.
4. Hoist the bag about 15 feet (4.5 meters) above the ground.
5. Tie the rope to a tree to keep the bag elevated. Use either a hitch or bowline knot.

See the Shelter and Clothing chapter for details on how to tie knots.

### Bear canisters

A bear canister is a rigid plastic container used to store food. It is bear-proof and can be left on the ground. Some campsites may provide a bear box, a large metal box used to store food.
 
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<!-- K: overview, survival, situation, rescue, lost -->
<!-- S: Be prepared, stop if lost, and think before acting. -->

This guide covers essential survival skills needed to return safely from a survival situation. It is not a substitute for professional training or experience and should only be used as a reference. This guide is intended to be practical and to the point, with the sole purpose of getting you out of a survival situation. Therefore, most bushcraft and impractical techniques for the average hiker have been left out.

If you are in a survival situation, try to stay calm and start with this chapter's "What to Do in a Survival Situation" section.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill -->
<!-- S: Bring a survival kit with you on all trips, and let others know your plans. Learn how to act in a survival situation and signal for help. -->

Before entering the wilderness, you should be as prepared as possible. This means you should plan your route and alternative routes, pack the proper gear, learn the necessary skills, and tell someone your plans.

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Cell phone
- Money
- Whistle
- Spare batteries (for flashlight) and a battery pack for your phone
- Assorted bandages
- Gauze
- Surgical tape
- Safety pin or needle
- Tweezers
- Antibiotic ointment
- Sunscreen
- Insect repellent
- Prescription medications, contact lenses, and glasses
- Pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
- Hand sanitizer
- Epinephrine auto-injector (if you have severe allergies)
- Asthma inhaler (if you have asthma)
- Water (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra)
- Bring a water purification method for longer trips and plan your route to include water sources.
- Water containers (ensure you have a container that you can boil water in)
- Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include:
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Dried fruit
- Jerky
- Energy bars
- Dehydrated meals (with extra water)
- Canned food (with a can opener if needed)
- Knife or multi-tool
- Bear bag or canister
- Emergency space blanket
- Poncho
- Change of clothing
- Extra socks
- Boots or sturdy shoes
- Sunglasses
- Cordage (paracord)
- Sewing kit (needle and thread)
- In colder climates:
- Insulating layers (jacket, pants, hat, gloves)
- Waterproof outer layer
- Waterproof or insulated boots
- Thermal underlayers
- Hand warmers
- For overnight stays:
- Sleeping bag
- Sleeping pad
- Tent
- Tarp
- Map
- Compass
- Flashlight or headlamp
- 7-day weather forecast

**Optional**:
- Signal mirror

See each chapter for additional gear recommendations.

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Follow local laws and regulations
- Act in a survival situation
- Signal for help
- Plan a trip

See each chapter for additional knowledge and skills recommendations.

### Additional reading
This guide only covers a small portion of the vast knowledge of survival and bushcraft. If you want to learn about more skills, then I recommend the following books (not affiliated):

- *Bushcraft 101* by Dave Canterbury
- *SAS Survival Handbook* by John 'Lofty' Wiseman
- *Tom Brown's Field Guide to Wilderness Survival* by Tom Brown Jr., with Brandt Morgan
- *Wilderness & Travel Medicine* by Eric A. Weiss, MD

## What to do in a survival situation
<!-- K: steps, stop, think, observe, plan, act -->
<!-- S: Stop, think, observe, plan, and act. The plan may often be to stay where you are and wait for help. -->

If you are in a survival situation, don't panic and follow these steps.

### Stop
The first and most important thing to do when lost is to stop moving. If you are in immediate danger in your current position, you can move, but otherwise, stay where you are. Use this time to calm down with deep breaths; you will get home.

### Think
Take a moment to think about your situation. Answer the following questions:
- What are your immediate needs?
- What resources do you have available?
- Did you tell someone your plans before you left? If so, when are they expecting you back?
- Which way did you come from?

### Observe
Next, observe your surroundings and assess your situation. The first thing to do is check your smartphone or GPS receiver for your location. If you have a maps app, open it and check if a map is available. You can also check for a signal to call for help. If you have no luck there, then look around and listen for signs of people, vehicles, or trails. Lastly, observe where you are and look for potential hazards or resources.

### Plan
Make a plan for your next steps. First, try to put in a call or text for help if you are not in immediate danger. What you do next is going to depend on your current situation. Here's some general advice for actions you can take, ordered by importance:

- If you are badly injured, treat your injuries.
- If it is cold, get warm through insulation, shelter, and then fire (if easily started).
- If the weather is bad, take shelter.
- If it is hot, find shade and drink water.
- If it is close to dark, set up a shelter and maybe a fire.
- Start conserving food and water, but don't let yourself get thirsty.
- If you have a minor injury, treat it.
- Record your current location in your phone or GPS; if you have a bright piece of clothing, tie it to a tree where you can see it.
- If you are out of water or just about to run out, find a water source and purify it.
- Signal for help using the techniques later in this chapter. Do this often for the best odds of being found.
- Try to determine your location using a map.
- Check for signs of the trail nearby, but always keep your initial location in sight.
- Identify nearby points of interest that you might be able to find on a map or hike to later if needed.
- If you are out of food, start thinking about how you will forage or catch something to eat. You can survive for a while without food but will weaken over time.
- If you have been out for several days to a week, you may need to consider hiking out. Leave a sign that you were here and in which direction you went, such as something tied to a tree and an arrow made of natural materials.

In summary, the priority is to treat severe injuries, seek shelter, signal for help, find water, build a fire (to stay warm and boil water), determine your location, check for ways out, find food, and last and only if you've been out there for a long time, hike out.

Your plan should adapt to your situation as it changes. Reevaluate often and stay hopeful that you will be found.

### Act
Once you have a plan, act on it. If at any point you feel unsafe, nervous, unsure, or your situation changes, then stop and reassess.

## Planning a trip
<!-- K: plan, trip -->
<!-- S: Research the terrain, weather, and wildlife before leaving. Plan a route on a map and bring the necessary supplies. Share this plan with someone you trust. -->

Before going into the wilderness, have a plan that you can stick to. Research the terrain, weather conditions, wildlife, and plants you might encounter. Check local regulations and any permits you may need. Use an up-to-date map to plan your route and some alternative routes if the trails are impassable. Also, look up trail conditions and the weather forecast for your trip.

Once you have a trip planned out, pack the necessary gear and supplies and check all of it to ensure it is functional. You should share your plan with a trusted person, including the routes, who you are going with, when you will be back, and when you will contact them. If you don't have someone to whom you can tell these plans, leave a note with this information in a very visible place in your home. While you are hiking, stick to your route and avoid unnecessary risks.

## Signaling for help
<!-- K: signal, help, contact, call, text, phone, whistle, mirror, smoke, flare, flashlight, ground-to-air -->
<!-- S: Try your cell phone; it may be able to make emergency calls. Otherwise, use a whistle, signal mirror, smoke, flares, flashlight, or ground-to-air signals to attract attention. -->

Signaling for help will increase your odds of being found. You should do this often, even if you don't think anyone is nearby or can hear you.

### Cell phone
Many phones can call emergency services even without a signal from your carrier. If you can't make a call, try sending a text message. Check your phone periodically to see if you have a signal, but otherwise, keep it off or in airplane mode to conserve battery. You may get a better signal by moving to higher ground or an open area.

### Whistle
Three short blasts are the universal signal for help. You may want to cover your ears when using the whistle at full volume.

If you don't have a whistle, you can use your fingers, but it will likely take practice.

1. Clean your fingers using hand sanitizer or soap and water.
2. Create a V-shape by touching your index finger and thumb together. Some may prefer to use the index and middle fingers of both hands to form a larger V-shape.
3. Press the tip of your tongue into the top of your mouth.
4. Curl your lips over your teeth.
5. Put the two fingers into your mouth and press on the tip of your tongue.
6. Seal your lips around your fingers and blow to create a whistle.

### Signal mirror
Hold the mirror with one hand and extend your other arm in front of you with your fingers in a V-shape and the target between your fingers. Reflect sunlight onto your fingers and slowly move the mirror up and down to flash sunlight at the potential rescuers. You can use a phone screen as a signal mirror, but it will be nowhere near as effective as an actual mirror and should be combined with another signal, such as smoke or a ground-to-air signal.

### Smoke
Smoke can attract attention during the day. Burning green vegetation can create a lot of smoke, but be sure to do this safely. A fire at night can also be used to attract attention.

### Flares
Flares are best seen at night or in low-visibility conditions. Follow the instructions on the flare packaging and be aware of any legal restrictions on their use.

### Flashlight
At night, a flashlight can be used to signal for help. Use the international distress signal, SOS, which is three short flashes, three long flashes, and three short flashes. If you don't remember the SOS signal, flash the light repeatedly in groups of three. Aim it in the direction of aircraft or other potential rescuers.

### Ground-to-air signals
Ground-to-air signals are large markers you create on the ground to communicate with aircraft. Use rocks, logs, or other materials to create a large "V" (means you require assistance) or an "X" (means you require medical assistance). Use contrasting or artificial colors to make the signal more visible.

## Disclaimer
This guide is provided for informational purposes only, and neither the author, publisher, nor any contributors guarantee its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. By using this guide, you acknowledge that outdoor activities involve risks, and you do so at your own risk, agreeing to hold harmless and indemnify the author, publisher, and any contributors from any claims or damages arising from your use of this guide. Always consult professionals for advice specific to your situation, as this guide does not substitute for professional guidance. Furthermore, be aware that local laws and regulations may affect the legal use of the techniques described herein, and compliance is your responsibility.
 
21 hours ago
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