Loading…
None
String updated in the repository |
|
None
Source string changed |
<p><strong>
<p>The following key concepts were defined to support the indicator in the context of poverty eradication. </p> <p><strong>Basic Services</strong> refer to public service provision systems that meet human basic needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basis cervices indicator will be therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Access to basic services</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source that is available with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the JMP drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include: flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDGs 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency) and uses a combination of spatial and qualitative analysis. A 500 m buffer around each public transport stop is used and overlaid with socio-demographic data – in order to identify the population served. We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/ no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, inpatient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to- the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> <a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23 <a href="#footnote-ref-3 <p>The proportion of population living in households with access to basic services is defined as the proportion of population using public service provision systems that meet basic human needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basic services indicator is therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p> <p>The term<strong> ‘access to basic services’</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. ‘Improved’ drinking water sources include the following:: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, water kiosks, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. An ‘improved sanitation facility’ is defined as one designed to hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation facilities include wet sanitation technologies such as flush or pour flush toilets connected to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; and dry sanitation technologies such as dry pit latrines with slabs (constructed from materials that are durable and easy to clean), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, pit latrines with a slab, composting toilets and container-based sanitation. If a household uses a flush or pour flush toilet but does not know where it is flushed to, the sanitation facility is considered to be improved since the household may not be aware about whether it flushes to a sewer, septic tank or pit latrine. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1a - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services <sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility with soap and water at home. Handwashing facilities may be located within the dwelling, yard or plot. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1b - <em>Proportion of population with handwashing facilities with soap and water available at home<sup><a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-ref-4">[3]</a></sup>.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e., against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-ref-5">[4]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-ref-6">[5]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. </p> <p>Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology<sup><a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-ref-7">[6]</a></sup> is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency). City delimitation is conducted to identify the urban area which will act as the spatial analysis scope as inventory of available public stops in the service areas is collected. Identification of population served by available street network allows for measurement 500m and/or 1km walkable distance to nearest stop (“service area”). We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (includes e.g., collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, in-patient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to-the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-01-01.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01a.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-4">3</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01b.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-4">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-5">4</sup><p> https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/index.html <a href="#footnote-ref-5">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-6">5</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-6">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-7">6</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-02-01.pdf <a href="#footnote-ref-7">↑</a></p></div></div> |
None
String updated in the repository |
<p><strong>Concepts and definitions:</strong></p>
<p>The following key concepts were defined to support the indicator in the context of poverty eradication. </p> <p><strong>Basic Services</strong> refer to public service provision systems that meet human basic needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basis cervices indicator will be therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Access to basic services</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source that is available with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the JMP drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include: flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDGs 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency) and uses a combination of spatial and qualitative analysis. A 500 m buffer around each public transport stop is used and overlaid with socio-demographic data – in order to identify the population served. We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/ no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, inpatient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to- the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> <a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23 <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div>
<h1> Понятия и определения</h1>
<h2> <strong> Понятия и определения:</strong></h2> <p> Для поддержки этого показателя в увязке с искоренением бедности были установлены следующие ключевые понятия. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Основные услуги </em> </strong> относятся к системам предоставления государственных услуг, которые удовлетворяют основные потребности человека, включая питьевую воду, санитарию и гигиену, энергию, мобильность, сбор отходов, здравоохранение, образование и информационные технологии. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовым услугам </em> </strong> подразумевает, что постоянно имеется достаточное количество доступных по цене услуг, обладающих надлежащим качеством. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным услугам по питьевой воде </em> </strong> <em> </em> относится к питьевой воде из улучшенного источника, при этом время, необходимое для того, чтобы достичь источника и вернуться назад, не должно превышать 30 минут, включая ожидание в очереди. Улучшенные источники включают: водопроводную воду, скважины или трубчатые колодцы, защищенные выкопанные колодцы, защищенные родники, а также расфасованную или доставляемую воду. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.1. </p> <p> <strong> <em>Доступ к основным санитарным услугам </em> </strong> относится к использованию улучшенных средств, которые не находятся в совместном владении с другими домохозяйствами. Улучшенные средства включают смыв / промывку канализационных систем, септиков или туалетов с выгребной ямой; улучшенные вентилируемые туалеты с выгребной ямой, компостные туалеты или уборные ямы с плитами. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным средствам гигиены </em> </strong> означает наличие в помещении средства для мытья рук с мылом и водой. Устройства для мытья рук могут быть стационарными или передвижными и включать раковину с водопроводной водой, ведра с кранами, водопроводные краны и кувшины или раковины, предназначенные для мытья рук. Мыло включает кусковое мыло, жидкое мыло, порошковое моющее средство и мыльную воду, но не включает золу, землю, песок или другие средства для мытья рук. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2.</p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовой мобильности </em> </strong> означает доступ к круглогодичным дорогам в сельской местности (ЦУР 9.1.1) или доступ к общественному транспорту в городских условиях (ЦУР 11.2.1). Расчет & # x201C; доступа к базовой мобильности & # x201D; следовательно, будет комбинацией вышеперечисленных факторов. </p> <h2> Сельский контекст:</h2> <p> Для синергизма с показателем 9.1.1 ЦУР & # x201C; Доля сельского населения, проживающего в пределах 2 км от круглогодичной дороги & # x201D;, было предложено использовать индекс доступа в сельской местности (RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-ref-1"> [1] </a> </sup> </sup>, оценивающий долю населения, проживающего на расстоянии & lt; 2 км от круглогодичной дороги (эквивалент 20-25 минут ходьбы). <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2"> [2] </a> < / sup> </sup> </p> <p> Чтобы искоренить бедность, местное население должно быть связано с социально-экономической инфраструктурой круглогодично эксплуатируемыми дорогами, по которым постоянно курсирует надежный и доступный общественный транспорт. Во многих районах может возникнуть потребность в безопасных пешеходных дорожках, пешеходных мостах и водных путях в сочетании с дорогами или в качестве их альтернативы. В целях упрощения в этом определении особое внимание уделялось дорогам (основываясь на индексе доступа в сельской местности - RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3"> [3] </a> </sup> </sup>, поскольку автомобильный транспорт является синонимом доступности для подавляющего большинства жителей сельской местности. В тех ситуациях, когда доминирует другой вид транспорта, например водный, определение будет изменено и увязано с контекстом, чтобы отразить и уловить эти нюансы. </p> <p> Доступ к мобильности оказывается одним из самых значительных факторов воздействий на сокращение бедности и демонстрирует прочную взаимосвязь с конечными результатами достижений в области образования, экономики и здравоохранения ("транспорт как средство обеспечения"). </p> <p> Существующая методология RAI основана на данных обследований на уровне домохозяйств & # x2013; однако в настоящее время она пересматривается с целью разработки индекса на основе ГИС, который будет использовать достижения цифровых технологий для создания более точного и экономически эффективного инструмента. </p> <p> В качестве основного базового предположения подразумевается, что женщины и мужчины в равной степени выигрывают от доступа к круглогодично эксплуатируемым дорогам. </p> <h2> Городской контекст: <p> Доступ к транспорту с точки зрения городского контекста оценивается с использованием методологии ЦУР 11.2.1 - "доля населения, имеющего удобный доступ к общественному транспорту, в разбивке по полу, возрасту и признаку инвалидности". </p> <p> Имеется в наличии методология метаданных (ООН-Хабитат является хранителем), использующая сочетание пространственного и качественного анализа. Вокруг каждой остановки общественного транспорта создается 500-метровая буферная зона, на которую накладываются социально-демографические данные с целью определения обслуживаемого населения. Мы знаем, что оценка пространственного доступа является недостаточной и не решает временные аспекты, связанные с наличием общественного транспорта. В дополнение к вышесказанному следует отметить, что отслеживаются все другие параметры сопровождения транспортной цели, связанные с загруженностью уличной сети / количеством перекрестков, доступностью или качеством с точки зрения безопасности, времени в пути, универсальности доступа. </p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным услугам по сбору мусора </em> </strong> означает доступ населения к надежным услугам по сбору мусора, включая как формальные услуги муниципального, так и неформального сектора. & # x2018; Услуга сбора & # x2019; может быть & # x2018; поквартирной & # x2019; или путем помещения мусора в общественный контейнер. & # x2018; Сбор & # x2019; включает сбор мусора для переработки, а также для обработки и утилизации (включая, например, сбор вторсырья передвижными сборщиками отходов). & # x2018; Надежный & # x2019; означает регулярный - частота будет зависеть от местных условий и от применения метода предварительного разделения отходов. Например, как смешанные отходы, так и органические отходы в тропическом климате часто собираются ежедневно по соображениям общественного здравоохранения и, как правило, по крайней мере, еженедельно; сухие пригодные для повторного использования материалы с раздельным сбором могут собираться реже.</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовым медицинским услугам </em> </strong> означает доступ к услугам, которые охватывают экстренные услуги внутри и за пределами зоны обслуживания, стационарную помощь в больницах и врачебную помощь, амбулаторные медицинские услуги, лабораторные и радиологические услуги, а также профилактические медицинские услуги. Базовые медицинские услуги также включают доступ к ограниченному лечению психических заболеваний и токсикомании в соответствии с минимальными стандартами, установленными местными и национальными министерствами здравоохранения..</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовому образованию </em> </strong> означает доступ к образовательным услугам, который предоставляет всем учащимся возможности, необходимые для того, чтобы стать экономически продуктивными, обеспечить устойчивые средства к существованию, внести вклад в существование мирного и демократического общества и повысить индивидуальное благосостояние. Для этого показателя мы исследуем доступ к образовательным услугам для учащихся в возрасте от 5 лет до 21 года.</p> <p>Право на образование - это многогранное право, имеющее как минимум два аспекта, которые необходимо реализовать: </p> <p> (а) количественный (для всех) и </p> <p> (b) качественный (право на какое образование, на какой срок, предоставляемое кем и для кого, а также ведущее к полному развитию человеческой личности, имеющему фундаментальное значение для осуществления других прав, свободы и поддержания мира. </p> <p>В статье 26 Всеобщей декларации прав человека (1948 г.) отмечается, что: <em>Каждый человек имеет право на образование. Образование должно быть бесплатным по меньшей мере в том, что касается начального и общего образования. Начальное образование должно быть обязательным. Техническое и профессиональное образование должно быть общедоступным, и высшее образование должно быть одинаково доступным для всех на основе способностей каждого.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным информационным услугам </em> </strong> означает наличие услуг широкополосного доступа в Интернет. Широкополосная связь определяется как технологии, которые обеспечивают заявленную скорость загрузки не менее 256 кбит / с. Основными типами услуг широкополосного доступа являются: 1) фиксированная (проводная) широкополосная сеть, такая как DSL, кабельный модем, высокоскоростные выделенные линии, оптоволоконная линия до дома / здания, линии электропередач и другой фиксированный (проводной) широкополосный доступ; 2) наземные фиксированные (беспроводные) широкополосные сети, такие как WiMAX, фиксированный CDMA; 3) спутниковая широкополосная сеть (через спутниковую связь); 4) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) через телефонную трубку и 5) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) с помощью карты (например, встроенной SIM-карты в компьютер) или USB-модем.</p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-1">1</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-1">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">2</sup><p><a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">3</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div> |
None
Source string changed |
<p><strong>Concepts and definitions:</strong></p>
<p>The following key concepts were defined to support the indicator in the context of poverty eradication. </p> <p><strong>Basic Services</strong> refer to public service provision systems that meet human basic needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basis cervices indicator will be therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Access to basic services</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source that is available with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the JMP drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include: flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDGs 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency) and uses a combination of spatial and qualitative analysis. A 500 m buffer around each public transport stop is used and overlaid with socio-demographic data – in order to identify the population served. We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/ no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, inpatient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to- the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> <a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23 <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div> |
None
Source string changed |
<
<h2><strong <p>The following key concepts were defined to support the indicator in the context of poverty eradication. </p> <p><strong> <p><strong><em>Access to basic services</em></strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic drinking water services</em></strong><em> </em>refers to drinking water from an improved source is available with collection time not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include; piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on SDG indicator 6.1.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic sanitation services</em></strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on SDG 6.2.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic hygiene facilities</em></strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on SDG 6.2.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic mobility</em> </strong>refers to having access to all-weather-roads in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). The computation of “Access to Basic Mobility” shall therefore be a combination of the above. </p> <h2>Rural context:</h2> <p>To synergize with SDG indicator 9.1.1 “Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road”, it was suggested to use the Rural Access Index (RAI)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-ref-1">[1]</a></sup></sup> that measures the percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins).<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[2]</a></sup> </sup></p> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[3]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. </p> <p>Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <p>As a basic underlying assumption, it is understood that women and men equally benefit from access to all-weather roads. </p> <h2>Urban context:</h2> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –the proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities”. </p> <p>The metadata methodology is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency) and uses a combination of spatial and qualitative analysis. A 500 m buffer around each public transport stop is used and overlaid with socio-demographic data – in order to identify the population served. We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/ no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic waste collection services</em> </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic health care services</em></strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, inpatient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health.</p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic education</em></strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. For this indicator we examine access to education services in the school going age of 5 – 21 years of pupils. </p> <p>The right to education is a multi-faceted right that has at least two dimensions that need to be fulfilled: </p> <p>(a) quantitative (for everyone), and</p> <p>(b) qualitative (right to what education, for how long, provided by whom and for whom and also leading to full development of the human personality fundamental to the fulfilment of other rights, freedom and maintenance of peace. </p> <p>Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights (1948) note that: <em>Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Access to basic information services</em></strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to- the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem.</p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-1">1</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-1">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">2</sup><p> <a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">3</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <p><strong>Access to basic services</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source that is available with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the JMP drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include: flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1 - <em>Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDGs 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e. against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency) and uses a combination of spatial and qualitative analysis. A 500 m buffer around each public transport stop is used and overlaid with socio-demographic data – in order to identify the population served. We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/ no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, inpatient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to- the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> <a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23 <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div> |
brockfanning
Bulk status changed |
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
<p>The proportion of population living in households with access to basic services is defined as the proportion of population using public service provision systems that meet basic human needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basic services indicator is therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p> <p>The term<strong> ‘access to basic services’</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. ‘Improved’ drinking water sources include the following:: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, water kiosks, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. An ‘improved sanitation facility’ is defined as one designed to hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation facilities include wet sanitation technologies such as flush or pour flush toilets connected to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; and dry sanitation technologies such as dry pit latrines with slabs (constructed from materials that are durable and easy to clean), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, pit latrines with a slab, composting toilets and container-based sanitation. If a household uses a flush or pour flush toilet but does not know where it is flushed to, the sanitation facility is considered to be improved since the household may not be aware about whether it flushes to a sewer, septic tank or pit latrine. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1a - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services <sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility with soap and water at home. Handwashing facilities may be located within the dwelling, yard or plot. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1b - <em>Proportion of population with handwashing facilities with soap and water available at home<sup><a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-ref-4">[3]</a></sup>.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e., against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-ref-5">[4]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-ref-6">[5]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. </p> <p>Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology<sup><a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-ref-7">[6]</a></sup> is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency). City delimitation is conducted to identify the urban area which will act as the spatial analysis scope as inventory of available public stops in the service areas is collected. Identification of population served by available street network allows for measurement 500m and/or 1km walkable distance to nearest stop (“service area”). We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (includes e.g., collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, in-patient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to-the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-01-01.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01a.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-4">3</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01b.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-4">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-5">4</sup><p> https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/index.html <a href="#footnote-ref-5">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-6">5</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-6">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-7">6</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-02-01.pdf <a href="#footnote-ref-7">↑</a></p></div></div>
<h1> Понятия и определения</h1>
<h2> <strong> Понятия и определения:</strong></h2> <p> Для поддержки этого показателя в увязке с искоренением бедности были установлены следующие ключевые понятия. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Основные услуги </em> </strong> относятся к системам предоставления государственных услуг, которые удовлетворяют основные потребности человека, включая питьевую воду, санитарию и гигиену, энергию, мобильность, сбор отходов, здравоохранение, образование и информационные технологии. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовым услугам </em> </strong> подразумевает, что постоянно имеется достаточное количество доступных по цене услуг, обладающих надлежащим качеством. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным услугам по питьевой воде </em> </strong> <em> </em> относится к питьевой воде из улучшенного источника, при этом время, необходимое для того, чтобы достичь источника и вернуться назад, не должно превышать 30 минут, включая ожидание в очереди. Улучшенные источники включают: водопроводную воду, скважины или трубчатые колодцы, защищенные выкопанные колодцы, защищенные родники, а также расфасованную или доставляемую воду. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.1. </p> <p> <strong> <em>Доступ к основным санитарным услугам </em> </strong> относится к использованию улучшенных средств, которые не находятся в совместном владении с другими домохозяйствами. Улучшенные средства включают смыв / промывку канализационных систем, септиков или туалетов с выгребной ямой; улучшенные вентилируемые туалеты с выгребной ямой, компостные туалеты или уборные ямы с плитами. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным средствам гигиены </em> </strong> означает наличие в помещении средства для мытья рук с мылом и водой. Устройства для мытья рук могут быть стационарными или передвижными и включать раковину с водопроводной водой, ведра с кранами, водопроводные краны и кувшины или раковины, предназначенные для мытья рук. Мыло включает кусковое мыло, жидкое мыло, порошковое моющее средство и мыльную воду, но не включает золу, землю, песок или другие средства для мытья рук. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2.</p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовой мобильности </em> </strong> означает доступ к круглогодичным дорогам в сельской местности (ЦУР 9.1.1) или доступ к общественному транспорту в городских условиях (ЦУР 11.2.1). Расчет & # x201C; доступа к базовой мобильности & # x201D; следовательно, будет комбинацией вышеперечисленных факторов. </p> <h2> Сельский контекст:</h2> <p> Для синергизма с показателем 9.1.1 ЦУР & # x201C; Доля сельского населения, проживающего в пределах 2 км от круглогодичной дороги & # x201D;, было предложено использовать индекс доступа в сельской местности (RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-ref-1"> [1] </a> </sup> </sup>, оценивающий долю населения, проживающего на расстоянии & lt; 2 км от круглогодичной дороги (эквивалент 20-25 минут ходьбы). <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2"> [2] </a> < / sup> </sup> </p> <p> Чтобы искоренить бедность, местное население должно быть связано с социально-экономической инфраструктурой круглогодично эксплуатируемыми дорогами, по которым постоянно курсирует надежный и доступный общественный транспорт. Во многих районах может возникнуть потребность в безопасных пешеходных дорожках, пешеходных мостах и водных путях в сочетании с дорогами или в качестве их альтернативы. В целях упрощения в этом определении особое внимание уделялось дорогам (основываясь на индексе доступа в сельской местности - RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3"> [3] </a> </sup> </sup>, поскольку автомобильный транспорт является синонимом доступности для подавляющего большинства жителей сельской местности. В тех ситуациях, когда доминирует другой вид транспорта, например водный, определение будет изменено и увязано с контекстом, чтобы отразить и уловить эти нюансы. </p> <p> Доступ к мобильности оказывается одним из самых значительных факторов воздействий на сокращение бедности и демонстрирует прочную взаимосвязь с конечными результатами достижений в области образования, экономики и здравоохранения ("транспорт как средство обеспечения"). </p> <p> Существующая методология RAI основана на данных обследований на уровне домохозяйств & # x2013; однако в настоящее время она пересматривается с целью разработки индекса на основе ГИС, который будет использовать достижения цифровых технологий для создания более точного и экономически эффективного инструмента. </p> <p> В качестве основного базового предположения подразумевается, что женщины и мужчины в равной степени выигрывают от доступа к круглогодично эксплуатируемым дорогам. </p> <h2> Городской контекст: <p> Доступ к транспорту с точки зрения городского контекста оценивается с использованием методологии ЦУР 11.2.1 - "доля населения, имеющего удобный доступ к общественному транспорту, в разбивке по полу, возрасту и признаку инвалидности". </p> <p> Имеется в наличии методология метаданных (ООН-Хабитат является хранителем), использующая сочетание пространственного и качественного анализа. Вокруг каждой остановки общественного транспорта создается 500-метровая буферная зона, на которую накладываются социально-демографические данные с целью определения обслуживаемого населения. Мы знаем, что оценка пространственного доступа является недостаточной и не решает временные аспекты, связанные с наличием общественного транспорта. В дополнение к вышесказанному следует отметить, что отслеживаются все другие параметры сопровождения транспортной цели, связанные с загруженностью уличной сети / количеством перекрестков, доступностью или качеством с точки зрения безопасности, времени в пути, универсальности доступа. </p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным услугам по сбору мусора </em> </strong> означает доступ населения к надежным услугам по сбору мусора, включая как формальные услуги муниципального, так и неформального сектора. & # x2018; Услуга сбора & # x2019; может быть & # x2018; поквартирной & # x2019; или путем помещения мусора в общественный контейнер. & # x2018; Сбор & # x2019; включает сбор мусора для переработки, а также для обработки и утилизации (включая, например, сбор вторсырья передвижными сборщиками отходов). & # x2018; Надежный & # x2019; означает регулярный - частота будет зависеть от местных условий и от применения метода предварительного разделения отходов. Например, как смешанные отходы, так и органические отходы в тропическом климате часто собираются ежедневно по соображениям общественного здравоохранения и, как правило, по крайней мере, еженедельно; сухие пригодные для повторного использования материалы с раздельным сбором могут собираться реже.</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовым медицинским услугам </em> </strong> означает доступ к услугам, которые охватывают экстренные услуги внутри и за пределами зоны обслуживания, стационарную помощь в больницах и врачебную помощь, амбулаторные медицинские услуги, лабораторные и радиологические услуги, а также профилактические медицинские услуги. Базовые медицинские услуги также включают доступ к ограниченному лечению психических заболеваний и токсикомании в соответствии с минимальными стандартами, установленными местными и национальными министерствами здравоохранения..</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовому образованию </em> </strong> означает доступ к образовательным услугам, который предоставляет всем учащимся возможности, необходимые для того, чтобы стать экономически продуктивными, обеспечить устойчивые средства к существованию, внести вклад в существование мирного и демократического общества и повысить индивидуальное благосостояние. Для этого показателя мы исследуем доступ к образовательным услугам для учащихся в возрасте от 5 лет до 21 года.</p> <p>Право на образование - это многогранное право, имеющее как минимум два аспекта, которые необходимо реализовать: </p> <p> (а) количественный (для всех) и </p> <p> (b) качественный (право на какое образование, на какой срок, предоставляемое кем и для кого, а также ведущее к полному развитию человеческой личности, имеющему фундаментальное значение для осуществления других прав, свободы и поддержания мира. </p> <p>В статье 26 Всеобщей декларации прав человека (1948 г.) отмечается, что: <em>Каждый человек имеет право на образование. Образование должно быть бесплатным по меньшей мере в том, что касается начального и общего образования. Начальное образование должно быть обязательным. Техническое и профессиональное образование должно быть общедоступным, и высшее образование должно быть одинаково доступным для всех на основе способностей каждого.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным информационным услугам </em> </strong> означает наличие услуг широкополосного доступа в Интернет. Широкополосная связь определяется как технологии, которые обеспечивают заявленную скорость загрузки не менее 256 кбит / с. Основными типами услуг широкополосного доступа являются: 1) фиксированная (проводная) широкополосная сеть, такая как DSL, кабельный модем, высокоскоростные выделенные линии, оптоволоконная линия до дома / здания, линии электропередач и другой фиксированный (проводной) широкополосный доступ; 2) наземные фиксированные (беспроводные) широкополосные сети, такие как WiMAX, фиксированный CDMA; 3) спутниковая широкополосная сеть (через спутниковую связь); 4) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) через телефонную трубку и 5) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) с помощью карты (например, встроенной SIM-карты в компьютер) или USB-модем.</p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-1">1</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-1">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">2</sup><p><a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">3</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div> |
brockfanning
Bulk status changed |
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
<p>The proportion of population living in households with access to basic services is defined as the proportion of population using public service provision systems that meet basic human needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basic services indicator is therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p> <p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p> <p>The term<strong> ‘access to basic services’</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. ‘Improved’ drinking water sources include the following:: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, water kiosks, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. An ‘improved sanitation facility’ is defined as one designed to hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation facilities include wet sanitation technologies such as flush or pour flush toilets connected to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; and dry sanitation technologies such as dry pit latrines with slabs (constructed from materials that are durable and easy to clean), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, pit latrines with a slab, composting toilets and container-based sanitation. If a household uses a flush or pour flush toilet but does not know where it is flushed to, the sanitation facility is considered to be improved since the household may not be aware about whether it flushes to a sewer, septic tank or pit latrine. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1a - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services <sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup>.</em> </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility with soap and water at home. Handwashing facilities may be located within the dwelling, yard or plot. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1b - <em>Proportion of population with handwashing facilities with soap and water available at home<sup><a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-ref-4">[3]</a></sup>.</em> </li> </ol> <p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e., against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li> </ol> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-ref-5">[4]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-ref-6">[5]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. </p> <p>Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p> <p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p> <p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p> <ul> <li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li> </ul> <p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p> <p>The metadata methodology<sup><a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-ref-7">[6]</a></sup> is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency). City delimitation is conducted to identify the urban area which will act as the spatial analysis scope as inventory of available public stops in the service areas is collected. Identification of population served by available street network allows for measurement 500m and/or 1km walkable distance to nearest stop (“service area”). We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p> <ol> <li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (includes e.g., collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, in-patient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li> <li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li> <li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to-the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li> </ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-01-01.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01a.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-4">3</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01b.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-4">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-5">4</sup><p> https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/index.html <a href="#footnote-ref-5">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-6">5</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-6">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-7">6</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-02-01.pdf <a href="#footnote-ref-7">↑</a></p></div></div>
<h1> Понятия и определения</h1>
<h2> <strong> Понятия и определения:</strong></h2> <p> Для поддержки этого показателя в увязке с искоренением бедности были установлены следующие ключевые понятия. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Основные услуги </em> </strong> относятся к системам предоставления государственных услуг, которые удовлетворяют основные потребности человека, включая питьевую воду, санитарию и гигиену, энергию, мобильность, сбор отходов, здравоохранение, образование и информационные технологии. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовым услугам </em> </strong> подразумевает, что постоянно имеется достаточное количество доступных по цене услуг, обладающих надлежащим качеством. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным услугам по питьевой воде </em> </strong> <em> </em> относится к питьевой воде из улучшенного источника, при этом время, необходимое для того, чтобы достичь источника и вернуться назад, не должно превышать 30 минут, включая ожидание в очереди. Улучшенные источники включают: водопроводную воду, скважины или трубчатые колодцы, защищенные выкопанные колодцы, защищенные родники, а также расфасованную или доставляемую воду. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.1. </p> <p> <strong> <em>Доступ к основным санитарным услугам </em> </strong> относится к использованию улучшенных средств, которые не находятся в совместном владении с другими домохозяйствами. Улучшенные средства включают смыв / промывку канализационных систем, септиков или туалетов с выгребной ямой; улучшенные вентилируемые туалеты с выгребной ямой, компостные туалеты или уборные ямы с плитами. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2. </p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным средствам гигиены </em> </strong> означает наличие в помещении средства для мытья рук с мылом и водой. Устройства для мытья рук могут быть стационарными или передвижными и включать раковину с водопроводной водой, ведра с кранами, водопроводные краны и кувшины или раковины, предназначенные для мытья рук. Мыло включает кусковое мыло, жидкое мыло, порошковое моющее средство и мыльную воду, но не включает золу, землю, песок или другие средства для мытья рук. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2.</p> <p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовой мобильности </em> </strong> означает доступ к круглогодичным дорогам в сельской местности (ЦУР 9.1.1) или доступ к общественному транспорту в городских условиях (ЦУР 11.2.1). Расчет & # x201C; доступа к базовой мобильности & # x201D; следовательно, будет комбинацией вышеперечисленных факторов. </p> <h2> Сельский контекст:</h2> <p> Для синергизма с показателем 9.1.1 ЦУР & # x201C; Доля сельского населения, проживающего в пределах 2 км от круглогодичной дороги & # x201D;, было предложено использовать индекс доступа в сельской местности (RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-ref-1"> [1] </a> </sup> </sup>, оценивающий долю населения, проживающего на расстоянии & lt; 2 км от круглогодичной дороги (эквивалент 20-25 минут ходьбы). <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2"> [2] </a> < / sup> </sup> </p> <p> Чтобы искоренить бедность, местное население должно быть связано с социально-экономической инфраструктурой круглогодично эксплуатируемыми дорогами, по которым постоянно курсирует надежный и доступный общественный транспорт. Во многих районах может возникнуть потребность в безопасных пешеходных дорожках, пешеходных мостах и водных путях в сочетании с дорогами или в качестве их альтернативы. В целях упрощения в этом определении особое внимание уделялось дорогам (основываясь на индексе доступа в сельской местности - RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3"> [3] </a> </sup> </sup>, поскольку автомобильный транспорт является синонимом доступности для подавляющего большинства жителей сельской местности. В тех ситуациях, когда доминирует другой вид транспорта, например водный, определение будет изменено и увязано с контекстом, чтобы отразить и уловить эти нюансы. </p> <p> Доступ к мобильности оказывается одним из самых значительных факторов воздействий на сокращение бедности и демонстрирует прочную взаимосвязь с конечными результатами достижений в области образования, экономики и здравоохранения ("транспорт как средство обеспечения"). </p> <p> Существующая методология RAI основана на данных обследований на уровне домохозяйств & # x2013; однако в настоящее время она пересматривается с целью разработки индекса на основе ГИС, который будет использовать достижения цифровых технологий для создания более точного и экономически эффективного инструмента. </p> <p> В качестве основного базового предположения подразумевается, что женщины и мужчины в равной степени выигрывают от доступа к круглогодично эксплуатируемым дорогам. </p> <h2> Городской контекст: <p> Доступ к транспорту с точки зрения городского контекста оценивается с использованием методологии ЦУР 11.2.1 - "доля населения, имеющего удобный доступ к общественному транспорту, в разбивке по полу, возрасту и признаку инвалидности". </p> <p> Имеется в наличии методология метаданных (ООН-Хабитат является хранителем), использующая сочетание пространственного и качественного анализа. Вокруг каждой остановки общественного транспорта создается 500-метровая буферная зона, на которую накладываются социально-демографические данные с целью определения обслуживаемого населения. Мы знаем, что оценка пространственного доступа является недостаточной и не решает временные аспекты, связанные с наличием общественного транспорта. В дополнение к вышесказанному следует отметить, что отслеживаются все другие параметры сопровождения транспортной цели, связанные с загруженностью уличной сети / количеством перекрестков, доступностью или качеством с точки зрения безопасности, времени в пути, универсальности доступа. </p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным услугам по сбору мусора </em> </strong> означает доступ населения к надежным услугам по сбору мусора, включая как формальные услуги муниципального, так и неформального сектора. & # x2018; Услуга сбора & # x2019; может быть & # x2018; поквартирной & # x2019; или путем помещения мусора в общественный контейнер. & # x2018; Сбор & # x2019; включает сбор мусора для переработки, а также для обработки и утилизации (включая, например, сбор вторсырья передвижными сборщиками отходов). & # x2018; Надежный & # x2019; означает регулярный - частота будет зависеть от местных условий и от применения метода предварительного разделения отходов. Например, как смешанные отходы, так и органические отходы в тропическом климате часто собираются ежедневно по соображениям общественного здравоохранения и, как правило, по крайней мере, еженедельно; сухие пригодные для повторного использования материалы с раздельным сбором могут собираться реже.</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовым медицинским услугам </em> </strong> означает доступ к услугам, которые охватывают экстренные услуги внутри и за пределами зоны обслуживания, стационарную помощь в больницах и врачебную помощь, амбулаторные медицинские услуги, лабораторные и радиологические услуги, а также профилактические медицинские услуги. Базовые медицинские услуги также включают доступ к ограниченному лечению психических заболеваний и токсикомании в соответствии с минимальными стандартами, установленными местными и национальными министерствами здравоохранения..</p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к базовому образованию </em> </strong> означает доступ к образовательным услугам, который предоставляет всем учащимся возможности, необходимые для того, чтобы стать экономически продуктивными, обеспечить устойчивые средства к существованию, внести вклад в существование мирного и демократического общества и повысить индивидуальное благосостояние. Для этого показателя мы исследуем доступ к образовательным услугам для учащихся в возрасте от 5 лет до 21 года.</p> <p>Право на образование - это многогранное право, имеющее как минимум два аспекта, которые необходимо реализовать: </p> <p> (а) количественный (для всех) и </p> <p> (b) качественный (право на какое образование, на какой срок, предоставляемое кем и для кого, а также ведущее к полному развитию человеческой личности, имеющему фундаментальное значение для осуществления других прав, свободы и поддержания мира. </p> <p>В статье 26 Всеобщей декларации прав человека (1948 г.) отмечается, что: <em>Каждый человек имеет право на образование. Образование должно быть бесплатным по меньшей мере в том, что касается начального и общего образования. Начальное образование должно быть обязательным. Техническое и профессиональное образование должно быть общедоступным, и высшее образование должно быть одинаково доступным для всех на основе способностей каждого.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Доступ к основным информационным услугам </em> </strong> означает наличие услуг широкополосного доступа в Интернет. Широкополосная связь определяется как технологии, которые обеспечивают заявленную скорость загрузки не менее 256 кбит / с. Основными типами услуг широкополосного доступа являются: 1) фиксированная (проводная) широкополосная сеть, такая как DSL, кабельный модем, высокоскоростные выделенные линии, оптоволоконная линия до дома / здания, линии электропередач и другой фиксированный (проводной) широкополосный доступ; 2) наземные фиксированные (беспроводные) широкополосные сети, такие как WiMAX, фиксированный CDMA; 3) спутниковая широкополосная сеть (через спутниковую связь); 4) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) через телефонную трубку и 5) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) с помощью карты (например, встроенной SIM-карты в компьютер) или USB-модем.</p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-1">1</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-1">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">2</sup><p><a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">3</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div> |
Things to check
Key
STAT_CONC_DEFFlags
ignore-inconsistent
<p>The proportion of population living in households with access to basic services is defined as the proportion of population using public service provision systems that meet basic human needs including drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education and information technologies. The basic services indicator is therefore based on 9 components. These components are captured in various standalone indicators of the SDGs, which means that the concepts and definitions of SDG indicator 1.4.1 will be derived from or are the same as those of these specific SDG indicators. </p>
<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>
<p>The term<strong> ‘access to basic services’</strong> implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Drinking Water Services</strong> refers to the use of drinking water from an improved source with a collection time of not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. ‘Improved’ drinking water sources include the following:: piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, water kiosks, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) drinking water ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.1.1 - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<sup><a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2">[1]</a></sup>.</em> </li>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Sanitation Services</strong> refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. An ‘improved sanitation facility’ is defined as one designed to hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation facilities include wet sanitation technologies such as flush or pour flush toilets connected to sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; and dry sanitation technologies such as dry pit latrines with slabs (constructed from materials that are durable and easy to clean), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, pit latrines with a slab, composting toilets and container-based sanitation. If a household uses a flush or pour flush toilet but does not know where it is flushed to, the sanitation facility is considered to be improved since the household may not be aware about whether it flushes to a sewer, septic tank or pit latrine. This definition is based on the JMP sanitation ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1a - <em>Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services <sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup>.</em> </li>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Hygiene Facilities</strong> refers to availability of a handwashing facility with soap and water at home. Handwashing facilities may be located within the dwelling, yard or plot. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents. This definition is based on the JMP hygiene ladder and is the foundation for SDG indicator 6.2.1b - <em>Proportion of population with handwashing facilities with soap and water available at home<sup><a href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-ref-4">[3]</a></sup>.</em> </li>
</ol>
<p>For many low and middle-income countries, achieving universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene remains a high priority, which will help them achieve access to ‘safely managed services’, the target for SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2. </p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Access to clean fuels and technology</strong> refers to use of fuels and technology that are defined by the emission rate targets and specific fuel recommendations (i.e., against unprocessed coal and kerosene) included in the normative guidance WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. This component will be captured through SDG 7.1.2 - <em>Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.</em></li>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Mobility </strong>refers to having convenient access to transport in a rural context (SDG 9.1.1) or having convenient access to public transport in an urban context (SDG 11.2.1). </li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Access to mobility rural context</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>To eradicate poverty, communities need to be connected to socio-economic opportunities by roads that are passable all season and attract reliable and affordable public transport services. In many areas, safe footpaths, footbridges and waterways may be required in conjunction with, or as an alternative, to roads. For reasons of simplification, specific emphasis was given to roads in this definition (based on the Rural Access Index - RAI - percentage of the population <2km from an all-season road (equivalent to a walk of 20-25 mins)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-5" id="footnote-ref-5">[4]</a></sup></sup>)<sup><sup><a href="#footnote-6" id="footnote-ref-6">[5]</a></sup></sup> since road transport reflects accessibility for the great majority of people in rural contexts. In those situations where another mode, such as water transport is dominant the definition will be modified and contextualized to reflect and capture those aspects. </p>
<p>Access to mobility has shown some of the largest impacts on poverty reduction and has a strong correlation to educational, economic and health outcomes (“transport as an enabler”). </p>
<p>RAI is the most widely accepted metric for tracking access to transport in rural areas and has been included in the SDGs as SDG indicator 9.1.1 - <em>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road.</em> This component will be therefore captured through SDG 9.1.1.</p>
<p>The existing RAI methodology relies on household level survey data – however, is currently being revised into a GIS-based index that exploits advances in digital technology with the aim to create a more accurate and cost-effective tool. </p>
<ul>
<li><strong><em>Access to mobility urban context</em></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>The urban context of access to transport is measured utilizing the methodology of SDG 11.2.1 –<em>Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport by sex, age and persons with disabilities</em>. </p>
<p>The metadata methodology<sup><a href="#footnote-7" id="footnote-ref-7">[6]</a></sup> is available (UN-Habitat being the custodian agency). City delimitation is conducted to identify the urban area which will act as the spatial analysis scope as inventory of available public stops in the service areas is collected. Identification of population served by available street network allows for measurement 500m and/or 1km walkable distance to nearest stop (“service area”). We know that measuring spatial access is not sufficient and does not address the temporal dimension associated with the availability of public transport. Complementary to the above, other parameters of tracking the transport target related to street density/no. of intersections, affordability, or quality in terms of safety, travel time, universal access, are all tracked. </p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Waste Collection Services </strong>refers to the access that the population have to a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG Indicator 11.6.1 - <em><u>Proportion of municipal solid waste collected and managed in controlled facilities out of total municipal waste generated, by cities</u></em>. A ‘collection service’ may be ‘door to door’ or by deposit into a community container. ‘Collection’ includes collection for recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (includes e.g., collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). ‘Reliable’ means regular - frequency will depend on local conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste. For example, both mixed waste and organic waste are often collected daily in tropical climates for public health reasons, and generally at least weekly; source-separated dry recyclables may be collected less frequently.</li>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Health Care Services</strong> refers to access to services that cover in and out-of-area emergency services, in-patient hospital and physician care, outpatient medical services, laboratory and radiology services, and preventive health services. Basic health care services also extend to access to limited treatment of mental illness and substance abuse in accordance with minimum standards prescribed by local and national ministries of health. This is connected to and will be measured through SDG indicator 3.8.1 – <em>Coverage of essential health services</em>.</li>
<li>Access<strong> to Basic Education</strong> refers to access to education services that provides all learners with capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance individual well-being. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 4.1.1 - <em>Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex</em>. </li>
<li><strong>Access to Basic Information Services</strong> refers to having a broadband internet access. Broadband is defined as technologies that deliver advertised download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s. Connecting the 50% of the world that is still offline means, in large part, ensuring that everyone, everywhere is able to access an internet that is affordable. The main types of broadband services are: 1) Fixed (wired) broadband network, such as DSL, cable modem, high speed leased lines, fibre to-the-home/building, powerline and other fixed (wired) broadband; 2) Terrestrial fixed (wireless) broadband network, such as WiMAX, fixed CDMA; 3) Satellite broadband network (via a satellite connection); 4) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset and 5) Mobile broadband network (at least 3G, e.g. UMTS) via a card (e.g. integrated SIM card in a computer) or USB modem. This is connected to and will be captured through SDG 9.c.1 - <em>Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology</em>.</li>
</ol><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">1</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-01-01.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01a.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-4">3</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-06-02-01b.docx <a href="#footnote-ref-4">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-5">4</sup><p> https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/index.html <a href="#footnote-ref-5">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-6">5</sup><p> <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-6">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-7">6</sup><p> https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-02-01.pdf <a href="#footnote-ref-7">↑</a></p></div></div>
<h2> <strong> Понятия и определения:</strong></h2>
<p> Для поддержки этого показателя в увязке с искоренением бедности были установлены следующие ключевые понятия. </p>
<p> <strong> <em> Основные услуги </em> </strong> относятся к системам предоставления государственных услуг, которые удовлетворяют основные потребности человека, включая питьевую воду, санитарию и гигиену, энергию, мобильность, сбор отходов, здравоохранение, образование и информационные технологии. </p>
<p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовым услугам </em> </strong> подразумевает, что постоянно имеется достаточное количество доступных по цене услуг, обладающих надлежащим качеством. </p>
<p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным услугам по питьевой воде </em> </strong> <em> </em> относится к питьевой воде из улучшенного источника, при этом время, необходимое для того, чтобы достичь источника и вернуться назад, не должно превышать 30 минут, включая ожидание в очереди. Улучшенные источники включают: водопроводную воду, скважины или трубчатые колодцы, защищенные выкопанные колодцы, защищенные родники, а также расфасованную или доставляемую воду. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.1. </p>
<p> <strong> <em>Доступ к основным санитарным услугам </em> </strong> относится к использованию улучшенных средств, которые не находятся в совместном владении с другими домохозяйствами. Улучшенные средства включают смыв / промывку канализационных систем, септиков или туалетов с выгребной ямой; улучшенные вентилируемые туалеты с выгребной ямой, компостные туалеты или уборные ямы с плитами. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2. </p>
<p> <strong> <em> Доступ к основным средствам гигиены </em> </strong> означает наличие в помещении средства для мытья рук с мылом и водой. Устройства для мытья рук могут быть стационарными или передвижными и включать раковину с водопроводной водой, ведра с кранами, водопроводные краны и кувшины или раковины, предназначенные для мытья рук. Мыло включает кусковое мыло, жидкое мыло, порошковое моющее средство и мыльную воду, но не включает золу, землю, песок или другие средства для мытья рук. Это определение основано на показателе ЦУР 6.2.</p>
<p> <strong> <em> Доступ к базовой мобильности </em> </strong> означает доступ к круглогодичным дорогам в сельской местности (ЦУР 9.1.1) или доступ к общественному транспорту в городских условиях (ЦУР 11.2.1). Расчет & # x201C; доступа к базовой мобильности & # x201D; следовательно, будет комбинацией вышеперечисленных факторов. </p>
<h2> Сельский контекст:</h2>
<p> Для синергизма с показателем 9.1.1 ЦУР & # x201C; Доля сельского населения, проживающего в пределах 2 км от круглогодичной дороги & # x201D;, было предложено использовать индекс доступа в сельской местности (RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-ref-1"> [1] </a> </sup> </sup>, оценивающий долю населения, проживающего на расстоянии & lt; 2 км от круглогодичной дороги (эквивалент 20-25 минут ходьбы). <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-ref-2"> [2] </a> < / sup> </sup> </p>
<p> Чтобы искоренить бедность, местное население должно быть связано с социально-экономической инфраструктурой круглогодично эксплуатируемыми дорогами, по которым постоянно курсирует надежный и доступный общественный транспорт. Во многих районах может возникнуть потребность в безопасных пешеходных дорожках, пешеходных мостах и водных путях в сочетании с дорогами или в качестве их альтернативы. В целях упрощения в этом определении особое внимание уделялось дорогам (основываясь на индексе доступа в сельской местности - RAI) <sup> <sup> <a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3"> [3] </a> </sup> </sup>, поскольку автомобильный транспорт является синонимом доступности для подавляющего большинства жителей сельской местности. В тех ситуациях, когда доминирует другой вид транспорта, например водный, определение будет изменено и увязано с контекстом, чтобы отразить и уловить эти нюансы. </p>
<p> Доступ к мобильности оказывается одним из самых значительных факторов воздействий на сокращение бедности и демонстрирует прочную взаимосвязь с конечными результатами достижений в области образования, экономики и здравоохранения ("транспорт как средство обеспечения"). </p>
<p> Существующая методология RAI основана на данных обследований на уровне домохозяйств & # x2013; однако в настоящее время она пересматривается с целью разработки индекса на основе ГИС, который будет использовать достижения цифровых технологий для создания более точного и экономически эффективного инструмента. </p>
<p> В качестве основного базового предположения подразумевается, что женщины и мужчины в равной степени выигрывают от доступа к круглогодично эксплуатируемым дорогам. </p>
<h2> Городской контекст:
<p> Доступ к транспорту с точки зрения городского контекста оценивается с использованием методологии ЦУР 11.2.1 - "доля населения, имеющего удобный доступ к общественному транспорту, в разбивке по полу, возрасту и признаку инвалидности". </p>
<p> Имеется в наличии методология метаданных (ООН-Хабитат является хранителем), использующая сочетание пространственного и качественного анализа. Вокруг каждой остановки общественного транспорта создается 500-метровая буферная зона, на которую накладываются социально-демографические данные с целью определения обслуживаемого населения. Мы знаем, что оценка пространственного доступа является недостаточной и не решает временные аспекты, связанные с наличием общественного транспорта. В дополнение к вышесказанному следует отметить, что отслеживаются все другие параметры сопровождения транспортной цели, связанные с загруженностью уличной сети / количеством перекрестков, доступностью или качеством с точки зрения безопасности, времени в пути, универсальности доступа. </p>
<p><strong><em>Доступ к основным услугам по сбору мусора </em> </strong> означает доступ населения к надежным услугам по сбору мусора, включая как формальные услуги муниципального, так и неформального сектора. & # x2018; Услуга сбора & # x2019; может быть & # x2018; поквартирной & # x2019; или путем помещения мусора в общественный контейнер. & # x2018; Сбор & # x2019; включает сбор мусора для переработки, а также для обработки и утилизации (включая, например, сбор вторсырья передвижными сборщиками отходов). & # x2018; Надежный & # x2019; означает регулярный - частота будет зависеть от местных условий и от применения метода предварительного разделения отходов. Например, как смешанные отходы, так и органические отходы в тропическом климате часто собираются ежедневно по соображениям общественного здравоохранения и, как правило, по крайней мере, еженедельно; сухие пригодные для повторного использования материалы с раздельным сбором могут собираться реже.</p>
<p><strong><em>Доступ к базовым медицинским услугам </em> </strong> означает доступ к услугам, которые охватывают экстренные услуги внутри и за пределами зоны обслуживания, стационарную помощь в больницах и врачебную помощь, амбулаторные медицинские услуги, лабораторные и радиологические услуги, а также профилактические медицинские услуги. Базовые медицинские услуги также включают доступ к ограниченному лечению психических заболеваний и токсикомании в соответствии с минимальными стандартами, установленными местными и национальными министерствами здравоохранения..</p>
<p><strong><em>Доступ к базовому образованию </em> </strong> означает доступ к образовательным услугам, который предоставляет всем учащимся возможности, необходимые для того, чтобы стать экономически продуктивными, обеспечить устойчивые средства к существованию, внести вклад в существование мирного и демократического общества и повысить индивидуальное благосостояние. Для этого показателя мы исследуем доступ к образовательным услугам для учащихся в возрасте от 5 лет до 21 года.</p>
<p>Право на образование - это многогранное право, имеющее как минимум два аспекта, которые необходимо реализовать: </p>
<p> (а) количественный (для всех) и </p>
<p> (b) качественный (право на какое образование, на какой срок, предоставляемое кем и для кого, а также ведущее к полному развитию человеческой личности, имеющему фундаментальное значение для осуществления других прав, свободы и поддержания мира. </p>
<p>В статье 26 Всеобщей декларации прав человека (1948 г.) отмечается, что: <em>Каждый человек имеет право на образование. Образование должно быть бесплатным по меньшей мере в том, что касается начального и общего образования. Начальное образование должно быть обязательным. Техническое и профессиональное образование должно быть общедоступным, и высшее образование должно быть одинаково доступным для всех на основе способностей каждого.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>Доступ к основным информационным услугам </em> </strong> означает наличие услуг широкополосного доступа в Интернет. Широкополосная связь определяется как технологии, которые обеспечивают заявленную скорость загрузки не менее 256 кбит / с. Основными типами услуг широкополосного доступа являются: 1) фиксированная (проводная) широкополосная сеть, такая как DSL, кабельный модем, высокоскоростные выделенные линии, оптоволоконная линия до дома / здания, линии электропередач и другой фиксированный (проводной) широкополосный доступ; 2) наземные фиксированные (беспроводные) широкополосные сети, такие как WiMAX, фиксированный CDMA; 3) спутниковая широкополосная сеть (через спутниковую связь); 4) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) через телефонную трубку и 5) мобильная широкополосная сеть (как минимум 3G, например, UMTS) с помощью карты (например, встроенной SIM-карты в компьютер) или USB-модем.</p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-1">1</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-1">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-2">2</sup><p><a href="https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20&%20Guides/Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation/TLM&E7%20Access%20Index%20TRB%2006.pdf">https://www.ssatp.org/sites/ssatp/files/publications/HTML/Gender-RG/Source documents/Tool Kits & Guides/Monitoring and Evaluation/TLM&E7 Access Index TRB 06.pdf</a> <a href="#footnote-ref-2">↑</a></p></div><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">3</sup><p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23">http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/connections-note-23</a><a href="#footnote-ref-3">↑</a></p></div></div>