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<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
<p>Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.</p> <p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p> <p>The definitions and concepts associated with the indicator and utilized in the methodology are defined in the FAO term portal: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a> </p> <p>This indicator is based on a country’s implementation of the different international instruments that combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). IUU fishing undermines national and regional efforts to conserve and manage fish stocks and, as a consequence, inhibits progress towards achieving the goals of long-term sustainability and responsibility as set forth in, inter alia, Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Moreover, IUU fishing greatly disadvantages and discriminates against those fishers that act responsibly, honestly and in accordance with the terms of their fishing authorizations. This is a compelling reason why IUU fishing must be dealt with expeditiously and in a transparent manner. If IUU fishing is not curbed, and if IUU fishers target vulnerable stocks that are subject to strict management controls or moratoria, efforts to rebuild those stocks to healthy levels will not be achieved. To efficiently curb IUU fishing a number of different international instruments have been developed over the years that focus on the implementation of the different responsibilities of States. </p> <p>The instruments covered by this indicator and their role in combatting IUU fishing are as follows:</p> <p>• <strong>The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)</strong></p> <p>This instrument is the basis upon which all the subsequent instruments are built upon. UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. It is a binding instrument, although its principles may also be applied by countries who are not party to it.</p> <p>• <strong>The Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UN Fish Stocks Agreement)</strong></p> <p>The UN Fish Stocks Agreement entered into force on 11 December 2001, and is the most comprehensive of the binding international instruments in defining the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and elaborating measures that could be taken in relation to IUU fishing activities. Although the UN Fish Stocks Agreement applies primarily to the highly migratory and straddling fish stocks on the high seas, its broad acceptance and application is evidenced by the reinforcement of other international instruments, implementation at the regional level, and to some extent by State practice within areas of national jurisdiction.</p> <p>• <strong>The International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)</strong></p> <p>The objective of the IPOA is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all States with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional fisheries management organizations established in accordance with international law. This instrument covers all the aspects of a State’s responsibilities including, flag State responsibilities, coastal State measures, port State measures, internationally agreed market-related measures, research and regional fisheries management organizations.</p> <p>• <strong>The 2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (PSMA)</strong></p> <p>The FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing entered into force on the 5th of June 2016. The main purpose of the Agreement is to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing through the implementation of robust port State measures. The Agreement envisages that parties, in their capacities as port States, will apply the Agreement in an effective manner to foreign vessels when seeking entry to ports or while they are in port. The application of the measures set out in the Agreement will, inter alia, contribute to harmonized port State measures, enhanced regional and international cooperation and block the flow of IUU-caught fish into national and international markets.</p> <p>• <strong>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (VG-FSP)</strong></p> <p>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance spell out a range of actions that countries can take to ensure that vessels registered under their flags do not conduct IUU fishing, including monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities, such as vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and observers. They promote information exchange and cooperation among countries so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that are "flag-hopping" by attempting to register with another flag state or to refuse vessels that have been reported for IUU fishing. The Guidelines also include recommendations on how countries can encourage compliance and take action against non-compliance by vessels, as well as on how to enhance international cooperation to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities.</p> <p>• <strong>The FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Compliance Agreement)</strong></p> <p>The 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement entered into force on the 24th of April 2003. Its main purpose is to encourage countries to take effective action, consistent with international law, and to deter the reflagging of vessels by their nationals as a means of avoiding compliance with applicable conservation and management rules for fishing activities on the high seas. With respect to the role of RFBs, the preamble calls upon States which do not participate in global, regional or sub regional fishery organizations or arrangements to do so, with a view to achieving compliance with international conservation and management measures.</p> |
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<h2 <p>Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.</p> < <p>The definitions and concepts associated with the indicator and utilized in the methodology are defined in the FAO term portal: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a> </p> <p>This indicator is based on a country’s implementation of the different international instruments that combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). IUU fishing undermines national and regional efforts to conserve and manage fish stocks and, as a consequence, inhibits progress towards achieving the goals of long-term sustainability and responsibility as set forth in, inter alia, Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Moreover, IUU fishing greatly disadvantages and discriminates against those fishers that act responsibly, honestly and in accordance with the terms of their fishing authorizations. This is a compelling reason why IUU fishing must be dealt with expeditiously and in a transparent manner. If IUU fishing is not curbed, and if IUU fishers target vulnerable stocks that are subject to strict management controls or moratoria, efforts to rebuild those stocks to healthy levels will not be achieved. To efficiently curb <p>The instruments covered by this indicator and their role in combatting IUU fishing are as follows:</p> < <li> </ul <p>This instrument is the basis upon which all the subsequent instruments are built upon. UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. It is a binding instrument, although its principles may also be applied by countries who are not party to it.</p> < <li> </ul <p>The UN Fish Stocks Agreement entered into force on 11 December 2001, and is the most comprehensive of the binding international instruments in defining the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and elaborating measures that could be taken in relation to IUU fishing activities. Although the UN Fish Stocks Agreement applies primarily to the highly migratory and straddling fish stocks on the high seas, its broad acceptance and application is evidenced by the reinforcement of other international instruments, implementation at the regional level, and to some extent by State practice within areas of national jurisdiction.</p> < <li> </ul <p>The objective of the IPOA is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all States with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional fisheries management organizations established in accordance with international law. This instrument covers all the aspects of a State’s responsibilities including, flag State responsibilities, coastal State measures, port State measures, internationally agreed market-related measures, research and regional fisheries management organizations.</p> < <li> </ul <p>The FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing entered into force on the 5th of June 2016. The main purpose of the Agreement is to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing through the implementation of robust port State measures. The Agreement envisages that parties, in their capacities as port States, will apply the Agreement in an effective manner to foreign vessels when seeking entry to ports or while they are in port. The application of the measures set out in the Agreement will, inter alia, contribute to harmonized port State measures, enhanced regional and international cooperation and block the flow of IUU-caught fish into national and international markets.</p> < <li> </ul <p>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance spell out a range of actions that countries can take to ensure that vessels registered under their flags do not conduct IUU fishing, including monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities, such as vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and observers. They promote information exchange and cooperation among countries so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that are "flag-hopping" by attempting to register with another flag state or to refuse vessels that have been reported for IUU fishing. The Guidelines also include recommendations on how countries can encourage compliance and take action against non-compliance by vessels, as well as on how to enhance international cooperation to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities.</p> < <li> </ul <p>The 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement entered into force on the 24th of April 2003. Its main purpose is to encourage countries to take effective action, consistent with international law, and to deter the reflagging of vessels by their nationals as a means of avoiding compliance with applicable conservation and management rules for fishing activities on the high seas. With respect to the role of RFBs, the preamble calls upon States which do not participate in global, regional or sub regional fishery organizations or arrangements to do so, with a view to achieving compliance with international conservation and management measures.</p> |
hernandanielmunoz
Translation added |
<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>
<p>Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.</p> <p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p> <p>The definitions and concepts associated with the indicator and utilized in the methodology are defined in the FAO term portal: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a> </p> <p>This indicator is based on a country’s implementation of the different international instruments that combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). IUU fishing undermines national and regional efforts to conserve and manage fish stocks and, as a consequence, inhibits progress towards achieving the goals of long-term sustainability and responsibility as set forth in, inter alia, Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Moreover, IUU fishing greatly disadvantages and discriminates against those fishers that act responsibly, honestly and in accordance with the terms of their fishing authorizations. This is a compelling reason why IUU fishing must be dealt with expeditiously and in a transparent manner. If IUU fishing is not curbed, and if IUU fishers target vulnerable stocks that are subject to strict management controls or moratoria, efforts to rebuild those stocks to healthy levels will not be achieved. To efficiently curb IUU fishing a number of different international instruments have been developed over the years that focus on the implementation of the different responsibilities of States. </p> <p>The instruments covered by this indicator and their role in combatting IUU fishing are as follows:</p> <p>• <strong>The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)</strong></p> <p>This instrument is the basis upon which all the subsequent instruments are built upon. UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. It is a binding instrument, although its principles may also be applied by countries who are not party to it.</p> <p>• <strong>The Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UN Fish Stocks Agreement)</strong></p> <p>The UN Fish Stocks Agreement entered into force on 11 December 2001, and is the most comprehensive of the binding international instruments in defining the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and elaborating measures that could be taken in relation to IUU fishing activities. Although the UN Fish Stocks Agreement applies primarily to the highly migratory and straddling fish stocks on the high seas, its broad acceptance and application is evidenced by the reinforcement of other international instruments, implementation at the regional level, and to some extent by State practice within areas of national jurisdiction.</p> <p>• <strong>The International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)</strong></p> <p>The objective of the IPOA is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all States with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional fisheries management organizations established in accordance with international law. This instrument covers all the aspects of a State’s responsibilities including, flag State responsibilities, coastal State measures, port State measures, internationally agreed market-related measures, research and regional fisheries management organizations.</p> <p>• <strong>The 2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (PSMA)</strong></p> <p>The FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing entered into force on the 5th of June 2016. The main purpose of the Agreement is to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing through the implementation of robust port State measures. The Agreement envisages that parties, in their capacities as port States, will apply the Agreement in an effective manner to foreign vessels when seeking entry to ports or while they are in port. The application of the measures set out in the Agreement will, inter alia, contribute to harmonized port State measures, enhanced regional and international cooperation and block the flow of IUU-caught fish into national and international markets.</p> <p>• <strong>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (VG-FSP)</strong></p> <p>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance spell out a range of actions that countries can take to ensure that vessels registered under their flags do not conduct IUU fishing, including monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities, such as vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and observers. They promote information exchange and cooperation among countries so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that are "flag-hopping" by attempting to register with another flag state or to refuse vessels that have been reported for IUU fishing. The Guidelines also include recommendations on how countries can encourage compliance and take action against non-compliance by vessels, as well as on how to enhance international cooperation to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities.</p> <p>• <strong>The FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Compliance Agreement)</strong></p> <p>The 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement entered into force on the 24th of April 2003. Its main purpose is to encourage countries to take effective action, consistent with international law, and to deter the reflagging of vessels by their nationals as a means of avoiding compliance with applicable conservation and management rules for fishing activities on the high seas. With respect to the role of RFBs, the preamble calls upon States which do not participate in global, regional or sub regional fishery organizations or arrangements to do so, with a view to achieving compliance with international conservation and management measures.</p>
<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>
<h2>Definición:</h2> <p>Progreso de los países en el grado de aplicación de los instrumentos internacionales destinados a combatir la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada.</p> <h2>Conceptos:</h2> <p>Las definiciones y los conceptos asociados al indicador y utilizados en la metodología se definen en el portal de términos de la FAO: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a></p> <p>Este indicador se basa en la aplicación por parte de un país de los diferentes instrumentos internacionales de lucha contra la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (pesca INDNR). La pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (INDNR) socava los esfuerzos nacionales y regionales de conservación y gestión de las poblaciones de peces y, en consecuencia, impide el progreso hacia la consecución de los objetivos de sostenibilidad y responsabilidad a largo plazo establecidos, entre otros, en el capítulo 17 de la Agenda 21 y en el Código de Conducta para la Pesca Responsable de la FAO de 1995. Además, la pesca INDNR perjudica y discrimina enormemente a los pescadores que actúan de forma responsable, honesta y conforme a los términos de sus autorizaciones de pesca. Esta es una razón de peso por la que la pesca INDNR debe ser tratada de forma rápida y transparente. Si no se pone freno a la pesca INDNR, y si los pescadores INDNR se dirigen a poblaciones vulnerables que están sujetas a estrictos controles de gestión o a moratorias, no se lograrán los esfuerzos para recuperar esas poblaciones hasta niveles saludables. Para frenar eficazmente la pesca INDNR se han desarrollado a lo largo de los años diferentes instrumentos internacionales que se centran en la aplicación de las diferentes responsabilidades de los Estados. </p> <p>Los instrumentos cubiertos por este indicador y su papel en la lucha contra la pesca INDNR son los siguientes:</p> <ul> <li><strong>La Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (CNUDM) de 1982</strong></li> </ul> <p>Este instrumento es la base sobre la que se construyen todos los instrumentos posteriores. La CNUDM define los derechos y responsabilidades de las naciones con respecto a su uso de los océanos del mundo, estableciendo directrices para las empresas, el medio ambiente y la gestión de los recursos naturales marinos. Es un instrumento vinculante, aunque sus principios también pueden ser aplicados por los países que no son parte de ella.</p> <ul> <li><strong>El Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 10 de diciembre de 1982, relativas a la conservación y ordenación de las poblaciones de peces transzonales y las poblaciones de peces altamente migratorios (Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre las poblaciones de peces)</strong></li> </ul> <p>El Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre Poblaciones de Peces entró en vigor el 11 de diciembre de 2001 y es el más completo de los instrumentos internacionales vinculantes a la hora de definir el papel de las Organizaciones Regionales de Ordenación Pesquera y de elaborar las medidas que podrían adoptarse en relación con las actividades de pesca INDNR. Aunque el Acuerdo sobre Poblaciones de Peces de las Naciones Unidas se aplica principalmente a las poblaciones de peces altamente migratorios y transzonales en alta mar, su amplia aceptación y aplicación se pone de manifiesto en el refuerzo de otros instrumentos internacionales, en la aplicación a nivel regional y, en cierta medida, en la práctica de los Estados en las zonas de jurisdicción nacional.</p> <ul> <li><strong>El Plan de Acción Internacional para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (PAI-INDNR)</strong></li> </ul> <p>El objetivo del PAI es prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, proporcionando a todos los Estados medidas amplias, eficaces y transparentes para actuar, incluso a través de las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera apropiadas, establecidas de conformidad con el derecho internacional. Este instrumento abarca todos los aspectos de las responsabilidades de un Estado, incluyendo las responsabilidades del Estado de abanderamiento, las medidas del Estado costero, las medidas del Estado portuario, las medidas relacionadas con el mercado acordadas internacionalmente, la investigación y las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera.</p> <ul> <li><strong>El Acuerdo de la FAO de 2009 sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto destinadas a prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (PSMA)</strong></li> </ul> <p>El Acuerdo de la FAO sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada entró en vigor el 5 de junio de 2016. El objetivo principal del Acuerdo es prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (INDNR) mediante la aplicación de medidas sólidas del Estado rector del puerto. El Acuerdo prevé que las partes, en su calidad de Estados portuarios, apliquen el Acuerdo de manera efectiva a los buques extranjeros cuando soliciten la entrada a los puertos o mientras estén en ellos. La aplicación de las medidas establecidas en el Acuerdo contribuirá, entre otras cosas, a la armonización de las medidas del Estado rector del puerto, a la mejora de la cooperación regional e internacional y a bloquear el flujo de la pesca INDNR hacia los mercados nacionales e internacionales.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Las Directrices voluntarias de la FAO sobre la actuación del Estado del pabellón (VG-FSP)</strong></li> </ul> <p>Las Directrices voluntarias de la FAO para la actuación del Estado de abanderamiento establecen una serie de medidas que los países pueden adoptar para garantizar que los buques registrados bajo su pabellón no realicen actividades de pesca INDNR, incluidas las actividades de seguimiento, control y vigilancia (SCV), como los sistemas de seguimiento de buques (SLB) y los observadores. Promueven el intercambio de información y la cooperación entre los países para que los Estados de abanderamiento estén en condiciones de rechazar el registro de los buques que están "cambiando de pabellón" al intentar registrarse en otro Estado de abanderamiento o de rechazar los buques que han sido denunciados por pesca INDNR. Las Directrices también incluyen recomendaciones sobre el modo en que los países pueden fomentar el cumplimiento y tomar medidas contra el incumplimiento por parte de los buques, así como sobre el modo de mejorar la cooperación internacional para ayudar a los países en desarrollo a cumplir con sus responsabilidades como Estados de abanderamiento.</p> <ul> <li><strong>El Acuerdo de la FAO para promover el cumplimiento de las medidas internacionales de conservación y ordenación por los buques pesqueros en alta mar (Acuerdo de Cumplimiento)</strong></li> </ul> <p>El Acuerdo de Cumplimiento de la FAO de 1993 entró en vigor el 24 de abril de 2003. Su principal objetivo es alentar a los países a adoptar medidas eficaces, compatibles con el derecho internacional, y disuadir a sus nacionales de cambiar el pabellón de sus buques como medio de evitar el cumplimiento de las normas de conservación y gestión aplicables a las actividades pesqueras en alta mar. Con respecto al papel de los ORP, el preámbulo insta a los Estados que no participan en organizaciones o acuerdos pesqueros mundiales, regionales o subregionales a que lo hagan, con el fin de lograr el cumplimiento de las medidas internacionales de conservación y gestión.</p> |
Things to check
Key
STAT_CONC_DEFFlags
ignore-inconsistent
<p>Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.</p>
<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>
<p>The definitions and concepts associated with the indicator and utilized in the methodology are defined in the FAO term portal: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a> </p>
<p>This indicator is based on a country’s implementation of the different international instruments that combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). IUU fishing undermines national and regional efforts to conserve and manage fish stocks and, as a consequence, inhibits progress towards achieving the goals of long-term sustainability and responsibility as set forth in, inter alia, Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Moreover, IUU fishing greatly disadvantages and discriminates against those fishers that act responsibly, honestly and in accordance with the terms of their fishing authorizations. This is a compelling reason why IUU fishing must be dealt with expeditiously and in a transparent manner. If IUU fishing is not curbed, and if IUU fishers target vulnerable stocks that are subject to strict management controls or moratoria, efforts to rebuild those stocks to healthy levels will not be achieved. To efficiently curb IUU fishing a number of different international instruments have been developed over the years that focus on the implementation of the different responsibilities of States. </p>
<p>The instruments covered by this indicator and their role in combatting IUU fishing are as follows:</p>
<p>• <strong>The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)</strong></p>
<p>This instrument is the basis upon which all the subsequent instruments are built upon. UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. It is a binding instrument, although its principles may also be applied by countries who are not party to it.</p>
<p>• <strong>The Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UN Fish Stocks Agreement)</strong></p>
<p>The UN Fish Stocks Agreement entered into force on 11 December 2001, and is the most comprehensive of the binding international instruments in defining the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and elaborating measures that could be taken in relation to IUU fishing activities. Although the UN Fish Stocks Agreement applies primarily to the highly migratory and straddling fish stocks on the high seas, its broad acceptance and application is evidenced by the reinforcement of other international instruments, implementation at the regional level, and to some extent by State practice within areas of national jurisdiction.</p>
<p>• <strong>The International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)</strong></p>
<p>The objective of the IPOA is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all States with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional fisheries management organizations established in accordance with international law. This instrument covers all the aspects of a State’s responsibilities including, flag State responsibilities, coastal State measures, port State measures, internationally agreed market-related measures, research and regional fisheries management organizations.</p>
<p>• <strong>The 2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (PSMA)</strong></p>
<p>The FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing entered into force on the 5th of June 2016. The main purpose of the Agreement is to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing through the implementation of robust port State measures. The Agreement envisages that parties, in their capacities as port States, will apply the Agreement in an effective manner to foreign vessels when seeking entry to ports or while they are in port. The application of the measures set out in the Agreement will, inter alia, contribute to harmonized port State measures, enhanced regional and international cooperation and block the flow of IUU-caught fish into national and international markets.</p>
<p>• <strong>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (VG-FSP)</strong></p>
<p>The FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance spell out a range of actions that countries can take to ensure that vessels registered under their flags do not conduct IUU fishing, including monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) activities, such as vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and observers. They promote information exchange and cooperation among countries so that flag states are in a position to refuse to register vessels that are "flag-hopping" by attempting to register with another flag state or to refuse vessels that have been reported for IUU fishing. The Guidelines also include recommendations on how countries can encourage compliance and take action against non-compliance by vessels, as well as on how to enhance international cooperation to assist developing countries to fulfil their flag state responsibilities.</p>
<p>• <strong>The FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas (Compliance Agreement)</strong></p>
<p>The 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement entered into force on the 24th of April 2003. Its main purpose is to encourage countries to take effective action, consistent with international law, and to deter the reflagging of vessels by their nationals as a means of avoiding compliance with applicable conservation and management rules for fishing activities on the high seas. With respect to the role of RFBs, the preamble calls upon States which do not participate in global, regional or sub regional fishery organizations or arrangements to do so, with a view to achieving compliance with international conservation and management measures.</p>
<h2>Definición:</h2>
<p>Progreso de los países en el grado de aplicación de los instrumentos internacionales destinados a combatir la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada.</p>
<h2>Conceptos:</h2>
<p>Las definiciones y los conceptos asociados al indicador y utilizados en la metodología se definen en el portal de términos de la FAO: <a href="http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/">http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/</a></p>
<p>Este indicador se basa en la aplicación por parte de un país de los diferentes instrumentos internacionales de lucha contra la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (pesca INDNR). La pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (INDNR) socava los esfuerzos nacionales y regionales de conservación y gestión de las poblaciones de peces y, en consecuencia, impide el progreso hacia la consecución de los objetivos de sostenibilidad y responsabilidad a largo plazo establecidos, entre otros, en el capítulo 17 de la Agenda 21 y en el Código de Conducta para la Pesca Responsable de la FAO de 1995. Además, la pesca INDNR perjudica y discrimina enormemente a los pescadores que actúan de forma responsable, honesta y conforme a los términos de sus autorizaciones de pesca. Esta es una razón de peso por la que la pesca INDNR debe ser tratada de forma rápida y transparente. Si no se pone freno a la pesca INDNR, y si los pescadores INDNR se dirigen a poblaciones vulnerables que están sujetas a estrictos controles de gestión o a moratorias, no se lograrán los esfuerzos para recuperar esas poblaciones hasta niveles saludables. Para frenar eficazmente la pesca INDNR se han desarrollado a lo largo de los años diferentes instrumentos internacionales que se centran en la aplicación de las diferentes responsabilidades de los Estados. </p>
<p>Los instrumentos cubiertos por este indicador y su papel en la lucha contra la pesca INDNR son los siguientes:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>La Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (CNUDM) de 1982</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Este instrumento es la base sobre la que se construyen todos los instrumentos posteriores. La CNUDM define los derechos y responsabilidades de las naciones con respecto a su uso de los océanos del mundo, estableciendo directrices para las empresas, el medio ambiente y la gestión de los recursos naturales marinos. Es un instrumento vinculante, aunque sus principios también pueden ser aplicados por los países que no son parte de ella.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>El Acuerdo sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 10 de diciembre de 1982, relativas a la conservación y ordenación de las poblaciones de peces transzonales y las poblaciones de peces altamente migratorios (Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre las poblaciones de peces)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>El Acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas sobre Poblaciones de Peces entró en vigor el 11 de diciembre de 2001 y es el más completo de los instrumentos internacionales vinculantes a la hora de definir el papel de las Organizaciones Regionales de Ordenación Pesquera y de elaborar las medidas que podrían adoptarse en relación con las actividades de pesca INDNR. Aunque el Acuerdo sobre Poblaciones de Peces de las Naciones Unidas se aplica principalmente a las poblaciones de peces altamente migratorios y transzonales en alta mar, su amplia aceptación y aplicación se pone de manifiesto en el refuerzo de otros instrumentos internacionales, en la aplicación a nivel regional y, en cierta medida, en la práctica de los Estados en las zonas de jurisdicción nacional.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>El Plan de Acción Internacional para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (PAI-INDNR)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>El objetivo del PAI es prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, proporcionando a todos los Estados medidas amplias, eficaces y transparentes para actuar, incluso a través de las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera apropiadas, establecidas de conformidad con el derecho internacional. Este instrumento abarca todos los aspectos de las responsabilidades de un Estado, incluyendo las responsabilidades del Estado de abanderamiento, las medidas del Estado costero, las medidas del Estado portuario, las medidas relacionadas con el mercado acordadas internacionalmente, la investigación y las organizaciones regionales de ordenación pesquera.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>El Acuerdo de la FAO de 2009 sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto destinadas a prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (PSMA)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>El Acuerdo de la FAO sobre medidas del Estado rector del puerto para prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada entró en vigor el 5 de junio de 2016. El objetivo principal del Acuerdo es prevenir, desalentar y eliminar la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (INDNR) mediante la aplicación de medidas sólidas del Estado rector del puerto. El Acuerdo prevé que las partes, en su calidad de Estados portuarios, apliquen el Acuerdo de manera efectiva a los buques extranjeros cuando soliciten la entrada a los puertos o mientras estén en ellos. La aplicación de las medidas establecidas en el Acuerdo contribuirá, entre otras cosas, a la armonización de las medidas del Estado rector del puerto, a la mejora de la cooperación regional e internacional y a bloquear el flujo de la pesca INDNR hacia los mercados nacionales e internacionales.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Las Directrices voluntarias de la FAO sobre la actuación del Estado del pabellón (VG-FSP)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Las Directrices voluntarias de la FAO para la actuación del Estado de abanderamiento establecen una serie de medidas que los países pueden adoptar para garantizar que los buques registrados bajo su pabellón no realicen actividades de pesca INDNR, incluidas las actividades de seguimiento, control y vigilancia (SCV), como los sistemas de seguimiento de buques (SLB) y los observadores. Promueven el intercambio de información y la cooperación entre los países para que los Estados de abanderamiento estén en condiciones de rechazar el registro de los buques que están "cambiando de pabellón" al intentar registrarse en otro Estado de abanderamiento o de rechazar los buques que han sido denunciados por pesca INDNR. Las Directrices también incluyen recomendaciones sobre el modo en que los países pueden fomentar el cumplimiento y tomar medidas contra el incumplimiento por parte de los buques, así como sobre el modo de mejorar la cooperación internacional para ayudar a los países en desarrollo a cumplir con sus responsabilidades como Estados de abanderamiento.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>El Acuerdo de la FAO para promover el cumplimiento de las medidas internacionales de conservación y ordenación por los buques pesqueros en alta mar (Acuerdo de Cumplimiento)</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>El Acuerdo de Cumplimiento de la FAO de 1993 entró en vigor el 24 de abril de 2003. Su principal objetivo es alentar a los países a adoptar medidas eficaces, compatibles con el derecho internacional, y disuadir a sus nacionales de cambiar el pabellón de sus buques como medio de evitar el cumplimiento de las normas de conservación y gestión aplicables a las actividades pesqueras en alta mar. Con respecto al papel de los ORP, el preámbulo insta a los Estados que no participan en organizaciones o acuerdos pesqueros mundiales, regionales o subregionales a que lo hagan, con el fin de lograr el cumplimiento de las medidas internacionales de conservación y gestión.</p>