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{ "count": 170, "next": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/changes/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "unit": null, "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.583113+02:00", "action": 0, "target": "", "id": 63773622, "action_name": "Resource updated", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773622/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679587/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.583082+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Referencias</h1>\n<p>Eurostat (2019). <em>Rejilla LUCAS</em>. Recuperado de Eurostat Your Key to European statistcs: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lucas/data/lucas-grid </p>\n<p>Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Prince, M., & Ravillous, C. (2000). Developing a map of the world’s mountain forests. En M. F. Price , & N. Butt (Eds.), <em>Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State-of-Knowledge Report for 2000</em> (pp. 4-9). Wallingford: CAB International.</p>\n<p>Karagulle, D., Frye, C., Breyer, S., Aniello, P., Vaughan, R., & Wright, D. (2017). Modelado de regiones globales de Hammond landform a partir de datos de elevación de 250 m. <em>Transacciones en SIG</em>. doi:10.1111/tgis.12265</p>\n<p>Körner, C., Paulsen, J., & Spehn, E. (2011). Una definición de las montañas y sus cinturones bioclimáticos para las comparaciones globales de los datos de biodiversidad. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>\n<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> Agencia Espacial Europea. Agencia Espacial Europea. Recuperado de http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/\">http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> (el ráster SIG de las montañas está disponible para su descarga en la barra de la derecha) </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html\">http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html</a> </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf\">http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf</a> </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/\">http://www.fao.org/</a> </p>", "id": 63773621, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773621/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679587/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.583049+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2. Tech. Rep. Available at:<strong> </strong><a href=\"http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf\"><u>maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</u></a></p>\n<p>FAO-GTOS. (2009). <em>Land Cover: Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables</em>. Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome. </p>\n<p>IPBES (2018): <em>Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</em>. R. Scholes, L. Montanarella, A. Brainich, N. Barger, B. ten Brink, M. Cantele, B. Erasmus, J. Fisher, T. Gardner, T. G. Holland, F. Kohler, J. S. Kotiaho, G. Von Maltitz, G. Nangendo, R. Pandit, J. Parrotta, M. D. Potts, S. Prince, M. Sankaran and L. Willemen (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 44 pages</p>\n<p>Körner, C., Paulsen, J., & Spehn, E. (2011). A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>\n<p>Notarnicola, C. (2020) Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment </em>243, 111781.</p>\n<p>Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., Wulder, M. A. (2014): Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change<em>. Remote Sensing of Environment</em>, 148, 42-57.</p>\n<p>Ravilious, C., Tshwene-Mauchaza, B. and Kapos, V. (2021). <em>Validation and implementation of the Kapos Mountain Classification: Assessing the impact of DEM resolution on the mapping of mountain classes following the Kapos methodology</em>. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.</p>\n<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> European Spatial Agency. European Spatial Agency. Retrieved from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>\n<p>Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S. and Wheeler, I. (2021). <em>Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded Over Total Land Area. Version 2.0.</em> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn, Germany </p>\n<p>UN Statistical Division (2014). <em>System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 — Central Framework. </em>New York, USA.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2002). <em>Mountain Watch: Environmental change and sustainable development in mountains.</em> Cambridge, UK</p>\n<p><strong>Annex 1.</strong> Land cover transition matrix for the 10 SEEA classes. Land cover change processes are color coded as improvement (green), stable (yellow) or degradation (red). (Adapted from Sims <em>et al</em>. 2021). </p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td></td>\n <td colspan=\"10\">\n <p><strong>FINAL CLASS</strong></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td></td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Artificial surfaces</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>\n <p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>\n <p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>\n <p><strong>regularly</strong></p>\n <p><strong>flooded</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Permanent snow & glaciers</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"10\">\n <p><strong>ORIGINAL CLASS</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Artificial Surfaces</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural Expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Withdrawal of agriculture</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland establishment </p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural Expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Woody encroachment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Deforestation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Deforestation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Deforestation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Deforestation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Deforestation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>\n <p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>\n <p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>\n <p><strong>regularly</strong></p>\n <p><strong>flooded</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Woody encroachment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland drainage</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation loss</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Forest expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Wetland establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Vegetation establishment</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inundation </p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Permanent snow & glaciers</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier retreat</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier retreat</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier retreat</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier melting</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier retreat</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier retreat</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier melting</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Urban expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Agricultural expansion</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication </p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication </p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Lake dessication</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Glacier advance</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Stable</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>", "id": 63773620, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773620/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679585/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.583016+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Disponibilidad de datos</h1>\n<p>El indicador se genera a partir de datos geoespaciales y, por tanto, tiene una cobertura universal. Los países que no tienen valores en la base de datos global de los ODS son A) países sin montañas en los que el indicador no es aplicable o B) países que no han validado las estimaciones de la FAO y que, sin embargo, no han proporcionado cifras propias.</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Los datos de la ICC de la AEE sobre la cubierta terrestre están disponibles de forma gratuita en <a href=\"https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164\">https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164</a></li>\n <li>Los datos de Kapos están disponibles gratuitamente en los siguientes enlaces:</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n <li>Sitio web de la Alianza para las Montañas de la FAO, encontrar el archivo raster en el banner de la derecha. Acceso en <a href=\"http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/\">http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> </li>\n <li>La clasificación Kapos del USGS Mountain Explorer se puede encontrar como GME_K1classes.zip en: <a href=\"https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global/\">https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n <li>Los límites administrativos están disponibles en varias bases de datos globales en los siguientes enlaces:</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n <li>Capa de Unidades Administrativas Mundiales (GAUL, por sus siglas en inglés) de la FAO <a href=\"https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004\">https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004</a></li>\n <li>Divas-GIS <a href=\"https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata\">https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata</a> </li>\n <li>Límites del segundo nivel administrativo de las Naciones Unidas (SALB) <a href=\"https://www.unsalb.org/\">https://www.unsalb.org/</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Series temporales:</h2>\n<p>Se dispone de cifras nacionales, regionales y mundiales para los años 2000, 2010, 2015 y 2018.</p>\n<h2>Desagregación:</h2>\n<p>En la base de datos global de los ODS, el indicador se desglosa por clase de elevación de la montaña (descriptor de montaña). En el portal de indicadores de los ODS de la FAO se encuentra disponible una dimensión de desagregación adicional, la clase de cubierta terrestre del IPCC. La combinación de seis clases de elevación y seis tipos principales de cobertura del suelo según la clasificación del IPCC da lugar a 36 desgloses diferentes por país y por año de referencia. </p>", "id": 63773619, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773619/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679585/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582983+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator is generated by geospatial data and therefore has universal coverage. Countries with no values on the global SDG database are either A) countries with no mountains where the indicator is not applicable (indicated as NA) or B) countries that have not validated FAO’s estimates and yet have not provided figures of their own.</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Country, regional and global figures are available since the year 2000. </p>\n<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2a, data is available for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>\n<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2b, data is available for the reporting period 2000-2015 (baseline), 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>In the global SDG database, both sub-indicators are disaggregated by mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by Körner <em>et al. </em>(2011) (see section 2c. Classifications). In addition, sub-indicator 15.4.2a is disaggregated by the 10 SEEA classes included in Table 2. Those values are reported both as proportions (percent) and area (in square kilometres). </p>", "id": 63773618, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773618/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679573/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582950+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Metodología</h1>\n<h2>Método de cálculo:</h2>\n<p>El Índice de Cobertura Vegetal de Montaña se define como </p>\n<p><em>MGCI = (Área de cobertura verde de la montaña/Área total de la montaña) X 100</em></p>\n<p>Donde Área de Cobertura Verde de Montaña = Suma de las áreas cubiertas por las clases de cobertura terrestre de Tierras de Cultivo, Pastizales, Bosques y Humedales.</p>\n<p>El descriptor de vegetación se calcula a partir de un mapa de cobertura del suelo utilizando funciones básicas del SIG. </p>\n<p>Si el país/región no tiene zona de montaña, se le asignará el valor N/A.</p>", "id": 63773617, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773617/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679573/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582917+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a</strong>, Mountain Green Cover Index, is defined as: </p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>G</mi>\n <mi>C</mi>\n <mi>I</mi>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <msub>\n <mrow>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>G</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>C</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>v</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>A</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>n</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>A</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mo>×</mo>\n <mn>100</mn>\n </math></p>\n<p>Where: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>Mountain Green Cover Area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Sum of areas (in km<sup>2</sup>) covered by (1) tree-covered areas, (2) croplands, (3) grasslands, (4) shrub-covered areas and (5) shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded classes in the reporting period <em>n.</em> </li>\n <li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b</strong>, Proportion of degraded mountain area, is reported as a binary quantification (degraded/non-degraded) of the extent of degraded land over total mountain area, given by:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mi>P</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mi>D</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mo>×</mo>\n <mn>100</mn>\n </math></p>\n<p>Where: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>Degraded mountain area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Total degraded mountain area (in km<sup>2</sup>) in the reporting period <em>n.</em> This is, the sum of the areas where land cover change is considered to constitute degradation from the baseline period. Degraded mountain land will be assessed based on the land cover transition matrix in Annex 1. </li>\n <li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>\n</ul>\n<p>If the country/region has no mountain area, it will be assigned value NA.</p>", "id": 63773616, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773616/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679571/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582884+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Comentarios y limitaciones:</h2>\n<p>El indicador puede calcularse utilizando datos de observación de la Tierra disponibles gratuitamente y operaciones sencillas de SIG que pueden procesarse en SIG de software libre y de código abierto (FOSS). </p>\n<p>Las posibles limitaciones de la metodología descrita anteriormente están relacionadas principalmente con la calidad de los datos sobre la cubierta terrestre. Los mapas de cobertura del suelo de la ICC AEE están actualmente disponibles a una resolución de 300 metros, lo que limita su aplicabilidad en el monitoreo de paisajes pequeños y altamente heterogéneos. Por lo tanto, si los países tienen mapas nacionales de cobertura territorial de mayor resolución espacial y comparable o de mejor calidad, la FAO aconseja utilizarlos, siguiendo la misma metodología presentada aquí, para la generación de valores MGCI. </p>\n<p>En cuanto a la interpretación del indicador, aunque en la gran mayoría de los casos la dirección deseada es un aumento de la cubierta verde de montaña que refleja la restricción del daño a los ecosistemas naturales y posiblemente incluso la expansión de bosques, matorrales y pastizales a través de esfuerzos de conservación, en casos más limitados, un aumento en el valor del indicador en las clases de alta elevación también puede significar la invasión de vegetación en áreas previamente cubiertas por glaciares u otros permanentes o capas semipermanente de hielo o nieve, como resultado del calentamiento global debido al cambio climático. Ese cambio puede seguirse con la metodología actual y señalarse en consecuencia a nivel de datos desglosados por tipo de cubierta terrestre y clase de elevación, para distinguir este caso de la tendencia general deseada de aumentar la cubierta verde de las montañas. </p>", "id": 63773615, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773615/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679571/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582851+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The indicator can be calculated using freely available Earth Observation data and simple Geographic Information Science (GIS) operations that can be processed in free and open source software (FOSS) GIS. Regional and global land cover data derived from Earth observation can play an important role in the absence of, to complement, or to enhance national official data sources. These datasets can help validate and improve national statistics for greater accuracy by ensuring that the data</p>\n<p>Recognizing that this indicator cannot fully capture the complexity of mountain ecosystems across the world, countries are strongly encouraged to use other relevant national or sub-national indicators, data and information to strengthen their interpretation, as well as taking into account the following limitations: </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Sub-indicator ‘’a’’ should be interpreted with care given that: 1) lack of green cover does not necessarily mean that a particular mountain area is degraded (i.e. areas of permanent snow and ice, scree slopes and natural sparsely vegetated areas above the tree line, 2) it does not capture significant drivers of change such as conversion of natural areas to cropland or pastureland, and 3) increase in green cover may due to impacts of climate change in mountain areas (i.e. increase in green cover due to snow and glacier retreat due to global warming). </li>\n <li>Because land cover refers to the naturally stable aspects of land and the structure of its key elements, transient aspects such as vegetation phenology, snow or flooding cannot be captured by land cover transitions as measured in sub-indicator 15.4.2b. In the context of SDG Target 15.4, this is particularly relevant for snow cover dynamics (snow cover duration within a year), which has been highlighted as a key impact of global warming in mountain ecosystems with direct impacts to water provision (Notarnicola, 2020). </li>\n <li>Decisions about which land cover transitions are linked to degradation processes would sometimes require information on the use of land, not only land cover. For example, the conversion of tree-covered areas to grassland may be a result of deforestation (change in land cover and land use) or just the result of certain management practices and natural disturbance (change in land cover only). The former could be identified as a negative transition, while the latter could be considered as stable or unchanging. The use of land use information would help to better characterize those changes in the context of sub-indicator “b’’. </li>\n <li>Both sub-indicators are not able to capture ecosystem degradation drivers that do not necessarily result in changes in land cover. Some examples of this include conversions of natural forests to intensively managed production systems such as plantation forests, orchards and oil palm plantations; conversion of natural and semi-natural grasslands to intensively used pastures, forest and grassland degradation or invasive species invasion, among others. However, the use of more detailed national land use maps may be able to overcome some of these gaps for sub-indicator 15.4.2b.</li>\n <li>While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to medium resolution. Therefore, if countries have national land cover maps of higher spatial resolution and comparable or better quality, FAO advises using them, following the same methodology presented here, for the generation of the indicator’s values. </li>\n <li>Area estimations based on remote-sensing-derived land cover maps such as the ESA-CCI product via pixel counting may lead to biased area estimates due to map errors (Olofsson et al. 2014). Countries are encouraged to further refine those estimates by comparing them against reference datasets and applying bias corrections.</li>\n</ul>", "id": 63773614, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773614/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/43796694/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582817+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 63773613, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773613/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679563/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582784+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Calendario</h1>\n<h2>Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p>La ICC cubierta terrestre de la AEE está disponible desde 1992 hasta 2018. Cada año se entrega un nuevo mapa global de la cubierta terrestre.</p>", "id": 63773612, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773612/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679563/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582751+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>SDG indicator 15.4.2 is updated every three years.</p>", "id": 63773611, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773611/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679561/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582717+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Fuentes de datos</h1>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p><strong>1)Datos de la AEE ICC cubierta terrestre: </strong></p>\n<p>La Iniciativa sobre el Cambio Climático de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ICC de la AEE) es un programa cuyo objetivo es aprovechar todo el potencial de los datos de observación de la Tierra recogidos por la AEE para contribuir a las bases de datos de las Variables Climáticas Esenciales exigidas por la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). </p>\n<p>Los productos ICC cubierta terrestre han sido elaborados utilizando una combinación de datos de teledetección como el MERIS de 300 m, SPOT –VEGETACION de 1 km, PROBA –V de 1 km y AVHRR de 1 km. El producto ICC consiste en una serie de mapas anuales de la cubierta terrestre a 300 m de resolución que abarcan el período comprendido entre 1992 y 2018. El periodo 1992-2015 está disponible en formato raster, mientras que el 2016-2018 está disponible en formato netCDF y se requiere una transformación a GTIFF para que estos conjuntos de datos estén disponibles para su procesamiento en un entorno SIG. Los datos de la cubierta terrestre son actualizados cada año por la Agencia Espacial Europea. </p>\n<p>El ICC de la AEE se adhiere al Sistema de Clasificación de Cobertura de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) (Santoro, et al., 2015). </p>\n<p><strong>2) Capa de clase de montaña Kapos:</strong></p>\n<p>El conjunto de datos Kapos es un archivo ráster descriptor de montañas global. El archivo proporciona una clasificación de las cadenas montañosas de acuerdo con las definiciones propuestas por Kapos et al 2000:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Clase 1: elevación > 4500 metros </li>\n <li>Clase 2: elevación 3500 - 4500 metros</li>\n <li>Clase 3: elevación 2500 – 3500 metros </li>\n <li>Clase 4: elevación 1500 – 2500 metros y pendiente ≥ 2</li>\n <li>Clase 5: elevación 1.000–1.500 metros y pendiente ≥ 5 o rango de elevación local (7 kilómetros de radio) ≥ 300 metros</li>\n <li>Clase 6: elevación 300–1.000 metros y rango de elevación local (7 kilómetros de radio) ≥ 300 metros fuera de 23°N—19°S </li>\n <li>Clase 0: Definida para representar las zonas no montañosas. </li>\n</ul>", "id": 63773610, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773610/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679561/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582683+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Land cover maps developed by appropriate national authorities will generally provide the most relevant data source to compute this indicator. However, in certain cases, such data may not be available. In those cases, various regional or global products provide a viable alternative.</p>\n<p>The global default source of land cover data for this indicator is the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) Land Cover product (ESA, 2017). The ESA-CCI product consists of a series of annual Land Cover maps at 300 m resolution, providing 22 land cover classes based on 300m MERIS, 1km SPOT –VEGETATION, 1km PROBA –V and 1km AVHRR. The ESA CCI adheres to the FAO Land Cover Classification System (Santoro <em>et al</em>. 2015). Annual updates are currently available from 1992 to 2020. Additional years will be made available by the European Space Agency. </p>\n<p>A global mountain area map sub-divided by bioclimatic belts has been developed by FAO and made available to national authorities to facilitate the compute this indicator. This map is the result of combining a global mountain area map developed from the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED2010), following the UNEP-WCMC methodology (Ravilious <em>et al. </em>2021) and a mountain bioclimatic belt map created by the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment<sup><a href=\"#footnote-3\" id=\"footnote-ref-3\">[2]</a></sup>. </p><div class=\"footnotes\"><div><sup class=\"footnote-number\" id=\"footnote-3\">2</sup><p> https://ilias.unibe.ch/goto.php?target=file_2171234 <a href=\"#footnote-ref-3\">↑</a></p></div></div>", "id": 63773609, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773609/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/75045487/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582649+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 63773608, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773608/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/43796693/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582616+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 63773607, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773607/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679560/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582582+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>\n<h2>Definición:</h2>\n<p>El Índice de Cobertura Verde (ICMG, por sus siglas en inglés) está diseñado para medir la extensión y los cambios de la vegetación verde en las zonas de montaña, es decir, bosques, arbustos, árboles, pastos, tierras de cultivo, etc. – con el fin de supervisar los avances en el objetivo de la montaña.</p>\n<p>El ICMG se define como el porcentaje de cobertura verde sobre la superficie total de la región montañosa de un país determinado y para un año determinado. El objetivo del índice es supervisar la evolución de la cubierta verde y evaluar así el estado de conservación de los ecosistemas de montaña.</p>\n<h2>Conceptos:</h2>\n<p>El índice de cobertura verde de las montañas se basa en dos capas de información descriptiva:</p>\n<p><u>1.Una capa descriptiva de la montaña</u>: las montañas pueden definirse con referencia a una variedad de parámetros, como el clima, la elevación, la ecología (Körner, Paulsen, & Spehn, 2011) (Karagulle, et al., 2017). Esta metodología se adhiere a la definición de montaña del PNUMA- WCMC, basándose a su vez en la descripción de la montaña propuesta por (Kapos, Rhind, Edwards, Prince, & Ravillous, 2000).</p>\n<p> Esta descripción clasifica las montañas según la altitud, la pendiente y el rango de elevación en 6 categorías.</p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Clase de montaña</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Descripción </p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>1</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación > 4.500 metros</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>2</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación 3.500–4.500 metros</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>3</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación 2.500–3.500 metros</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>4</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación 1.500–2.500 metros y pendiente > 2</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>5</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación 1.000–1.500 metros y pendiente > 5 o rango de elevación local (LER 7 kilómetros de radio) > 300 metros</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>6</p>\n </td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p>Elevación 300–1.000 metros y rango de elevación local (7 kilómetros de radio) > 300 metros</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n<p><u>2. Una capa descriptiva de la vegetación</u>: La capa descriptiva de vegetación clasifica la cobertura del suelo en áreas verdes y no verdes. La vegetación verde incluye tanto la vegetación natural como la resultante de la actividad antrópica (por ejemplo, cultivos, forestación, etc.). Las zonas no verdes incluyen las zonas con muy escasa vegetación , la tierra desnuda, el agua, el hielo/nieve permanente y las zonas urbanas. La capa de descripción de la vegetación puede obtenerse de diferentes maneras, pero los mapas de la cubierta terrestre basados en la teledetección son la fuente de datos más conveniente para este fin, ya que proporcionan la información necesaria sobre las zonas verdes y no verdes de forma espacialmente explícita y permiten la comparación a lo largo del tiempo mediante el análisis de los cambios en la cubierta terrestre. </p>\n<p>Actualmente, la FAO utiliza las series temporales de la cubierta terrestre producidas por la Agencia Espacial Europea (AEE) en el marco de la Iniciativa sobre el Cambio Climático (ICC) como solución general. Las clases originales de la ICC se reclasifican en seis clases del IPCC y, además, en clases binarias de cobertura verde/no verde como sigue:</p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Clase ICC de la AEE</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Clase IPCC</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Verde / No verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>50, 60, 61, 62, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 90, 100</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Bosque<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\" id=\"footnote-ref-1\">[1]</a></sup></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>110, 120, 121, 122, 130, 140, </p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Pasturas</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>10,11, 12, 20, 30, 40</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Tierras de cultivo</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>160, 170, 180</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Humedal</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>190</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Asentamiento</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>No verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>150, 151, 152, 153, 200, 201, 202, 210, 220</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Otros terrenos</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>No verde</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table><div class=\"footnotes\"><div><sup class=\"footnote-number\" id=\"footnote-1\">1</sup><p> Tenga en cuenta que aquí el término “Bosque” se refiere a la cobertura del suelo, no necesariamente al uso del suelo <a href=\"#footnote-ref-1\">↑</a></p></div></div>", "id": 63773606, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773606/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679560/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582548+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator is composed of two sub-indicators to monitor progress towards the conservation of mountain ecosystems:</p>\n<p>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a, Mountain Green Cover Index (MGCI), is designed to measure the extent and changes of green cover - i.e. forest, shrubs, trees, pasture land, cropland, etc. – in mountain areas. MGCI is defined as the percentage of green cover over the total surface of the mountain area of a given country and for given reporting year. The aim of the index is to monitor the evolution of green cover and thus assess the status of conservation of mountain ecosystems.</p>\n<p>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b, Proportion of degraded mountain land, is designed to monitor the extent of degraded mountain land as a result of land cover change in a given country and for given reporting year. Similarly to sub-indicator ‘’trends in land cover” under SDG Indicator 15.3.1 (Sims <em>et al.</em> 2021), mountain ecosystem degradation and recovery is assessed based on the definition of land cover type transitions that indicate improving, stable or degrading conservation status. The definition of degradation adopted for the computation of this indicator is the one established Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)<sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\" id=\"footnote-ref-2\">[1]</a></sup>.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p><strong><em>Mountain area</em> </strong>is defined according to the UNEP-WCMC (2002) method. It defines total global mountain area as the sum of seven classes (commonly known as ‘Kapos mountain classes’), based on elevation, slope and local elevation ranges (Table 1).</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1.</strong> Global mountain classes as defined by UNEP-WCMC (2002)</p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Kapos Mountain Class</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 1</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation >= 4500 meters</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 2</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation >= 3500 & < 4500 meters</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 3</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation >= 2500 & < 3500 meters</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 4</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation >= 1500 & < 2500 meters & slope >= 2 degrees</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 5</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation>= 1000 & < 1500 meters & slope >= 5 degrees OR local (7 km radius) elevation range > 300 meters</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 6</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Elevation >= 300 & < 1000 meters & local (7 km radius) elevation range > 300 meters</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Class 7</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Inner isolated areas (<=25 Km<sup>2</sup> in size) that do not meet criteria but surrounded by mountains</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Prior to the methodological refinement of this indicator approved by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDG) in June 2022, the UNEP-WCMC classification was used to disaggregate the indicator by Kapos mountain classes. This is no longer the case, with Kapos mountain classes having been replaced by a bioclimatic belts (see section 2.c below).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Land cover </em></strong>refers to the observed physical cover of the Earth’s surface. It includes vegetation and man-made features as well as bare rock, bare soil and inland water surfaces (FAO-GTOS, 2009). The primary units for characterizing land cover are categories (e.g. Forest or Open Water). These categories must be defined following a standardized land cover classification in order to identify land cover changes consistently over time. Several global standards of land cover classifications have been developed by international initiatives for this purpose. </p>\n<p>For the purposes of standardization and harmonization when reporting on SDG Indicator 15.4.2, this indicator has adapted the land cover classification established by the United Nations Statistical Commission’s System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN-SEEA) (UN Statistical Division, 2014) by selecting the most relevant SEEA classes for mountain ecosystems and aggregating all croplands classes (Table 2).</p>\n<p><strong>Table 2.</strong> Left: Land cover classification established by the UN-SEEA (Source: UN Statistical Division, 2014). Right: Adapted land cover classification for the computation and aggregate reporting on SDG Indicator 15.4.2.</p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Original UN – SEEA land cover classification (n=14)</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>SDG Indicator 15.4.2 land cover classification (n=10)</strong></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>1 Artificial surfaces </p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>1 Artificial surfaces</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>2 Herbaceous crops<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">\n <p>2 Croplands</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>3 Woody crops<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>4 Multiple or layered crops<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>5 Grassland<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>3 Grasslands</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>6 Tree-covered areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>4 Tree-covered areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>7 Mangroves<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Discarded. Not relevant for mountains</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>8 Shrub-covered areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>5 Shrub-covered areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>9 Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>6 Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>10 Sparsely natural vegetated areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>7 Sparsely natural vegetated areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>11 Terrestrial barren land<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>8 Terrestrial barren land<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>12 Permanent snow and glaciers<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>9 Permanent snow and glaciers<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>13 Inland water bodies<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>10 Inland water bodies<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>14 Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Discarded. Not relevant for mountains</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Land cover serves different functions for SDG Indicator 15.4.2:</p>\n<p>In sub-indicator 15.4.2a, land cover is used to categorize land into green and non-green cover areas. As showed in Table 3, green cover includes areas covered by both natural vegetation and vegetation resulting from anthropic activity. Non-green areas include non-vegetated areas such as bare land, water, permanent ice/snow, urban areas and sparsely vegetated areas. In addition, land cover is used to disaggregate the indicator into the 10 land cover classes included in Table 2, thus increasing the indicator’s policy relevance.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 3. </strong>Classification of SEEA land cover classes into green and non-green cover.</p>\n<table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p><strong>SEEA land cover classes</strong></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p><strong>Green/Non-green</strong></p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Croplands</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Grasslands</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Green </p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Tree-covered areas</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Shrub-covered areas</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Artificial surfaces</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Non-green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Sparsely natural vegetated areas<em> </em></p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Non-green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Terrestrial barren land</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Non-green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Permanent snow and glaciers</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Non-green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\n <p>Inland water bodies</p>\n </td>\n <td>\n <p>Non-green</p>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n<p>In sub-indicator 15.4.2b, land cover is used to identify areas where changes in the type of land cover (land cover transitions) may indicate a decline or loss of biodiversity, mountain ecosystem functions or services that are considered desirable in a local or national context. A transition that indicates a decline or loss of biodiversity and mountain ecosystem services of the land is considered degradation. The definition of land cover transitions is documented in a transition matrix that specifies the land cover changes occurring in a given land unit (pixel) as being either degradation, improvement or neutral transitions.</p><div class=\"footnotes\"><div><sup class=\"footnote-number\" id=\"footnote-2\">1</sup><p> IPBES defines land degradation as “the many human-caused processes that drive the decline or loss in biodiversity, ecosystem functions or ecosystem services in any terrestrial and associated aquatic ecosystems” (IPBES, 2018) <a href=\"#footnote-ref-2\">↑</a></p></div></div>", "id": 63773605, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773605/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679557/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582513+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<p>Última actualización: 14 de diciembre de 2020</p>", "id": 63773604, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773604/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679557/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582480+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "2023-05-15", "id": 63773603, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773603/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/75045486/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582447+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 63773602, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773602/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679555/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582410+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<p>Indicador 15.4.2: Índice de cobertura verde de las montañas</p>", "id": 63773601, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773601/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679555/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:54:00.582328+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Indicator 15.4.2: (a) Mountain Green Cover Index and (b) proportion of degraded mountain land</p>", "id": 63773600, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63773600/?format=api" }, { "unit": null, "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.694483+01:00", "action": 0, "target": "", "id": 47685303, "action_name": "Resource updated", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685303/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679587/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.694346+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Referencias</h1>\n<p>Eurostat (2019). <em>Rejilla LUCAS</em>. Recuperado de Eurostat Your Key to European statistcs: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lucas/data/lucas-grid </p>\n<p>Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Prince, M., & Ravillous, C. (2000). Developing a map of the world’s mountain forests. En M. F. Price , & N. Butt (Eds.), <em>Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State-of-Knowledge Report for 2000</em> (pp. 4-9). Wallingford: CAB International.</p>\n<p>Karagulle, D., Frye, C., Breyer, S., Aniello, P., Vaughan, R., & Wright, D. (2017). Modelado de regiones globales de Hammond landform a partir de datos de elevación de 250 m. <em>Transacciones en SIG</em>. doi:10.1111/tgis.12265</p>\n<p>Körner, C., Paulsen, J., & Spehn, E. (2011). Una definición de las montañas y sus cinturones bioclimáticos para las comparaciones globales de los datos de biodiversidad. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>\n<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> Agencia Espacial Europea. Agencia Espacial Europea. Recuperado de http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/\">http://www.mountainpartnership.org/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> (el ráster SIG de las montañas está disponible para su descarga en la barra de la derecha) </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html\">http://www.openforis.org/tools/collect-earth.html</a> </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf\">http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5175e.pdf</a> </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fao.org/\">http://www.fao.org/</a> </p>", "id": 47685302, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685302/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679587/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.694130+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2. Tech. Rep. Available at:<strong> </strong><a href=\"http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf\"><u>maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</u></a></p>\n<p>FAO-GTOS. (2009). <em>Land Cover: Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables</em>. Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome. </p>\n<p>IPBES (2018): <em>Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</em>. R. Scholes, L. Montanarella, A. Brainich, N. Barger, B. ten Brink, M. Cantele, B. Erasmus, J. Fisher, T. Gardner, T. G. Holland, F. Kohler, J. S. Kotiaho, G. Von Maltitz, G. Nangendo, R. Pandit, J. Parrotta, M. D. Potts, S. Prince, M. Sankaran and L. Willemen (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 44 pages</p>\n<p>Körner, C., Paulsen, J., & Spehn, E. (2011). A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>\n<p>Notarnicola, C. (2020) Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment </em>243, 111781.</p>\n<p>Ravilious, C., Tshwene-Mauchaza, B. and Kapos, V. (2021). <em>Validation and implementation of the Kapos Mountain Classification: Assessing the impact of DEM resolution on the mapping of mountain classes following the Kapos methodology</em>. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.</p>\n<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> European Spatial Agency. European Spatial Agency. Retrieved from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>\n<p>Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S. and Wheeler, I. (2021). <em>Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded Over Total Land Area. Version 2.0.</em> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn, Germany </p>\n<p>UN Statistical Division (2014). <em>System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 — Central Framework. </em>New York, USA.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2002). <em>Mountain Watch: Environmental change and sustainable development in mountains.</em> Cambridge, UK</p>", "id": 47685301, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685301/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679586/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.694058+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Fuentes de discrepancia:</h2>\n<p>La metodología por defecto que se presenta aquí se basa en el uso del producto global ICC cobertura terrestre de la AEE, del que se ha informado que tiene una precisión global del 73,2%. Sin embargo, la estimación de la precisión se calculó utilizando las 22 clases de cobertura del suelo originales. Como la metodología presentada aquí se basa en el uso de clases agregadas, cabe esperar que la precisión sea mayor. </p>\n<p>La precisión de los productos de cobertura terrestre global puede variar regionalmente. Por la misma razón, los valores de los indicadores presentados pueden diferir de los derivados de los mapas nacionales de la cubierta terrestre. </p>", "id": 47685300, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685300/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679586/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693995+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</strong></p>\n<p>The global default source of land cover data for this indicator, the ESA CCI Land Cover product, has been reported to have an overall accuracy of 73.2%. However, the accuracy estimate was calculated using the original 22 land cover classes. As the methodology presented here is based on use of aggregate classes, the accuracy can be expected to be higher for sub-indicator 15.4.2a non-disaggregated data. The accuracy of the global land cover products can vary regionally and by land cover type. For the same reason, the presented indicator values may differ from those derived using national land cover maps. </p>\n<p>The reporting format will help to ensure that countries provide references for national data sources used, associated definitions and terminology as well as more detailed analysis of the data based on more detailed land cover classifications. </p>", "id": 47685299, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685299/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679585/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693920+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Disponibilidad de datos</h1>\n<p>El indicador se genera a partir de datos geoespaciales y, por tanto, tiene una cobertura universal. Los países que no tienen valores en la base de datos global de los ODS son A) países sin montañas en los que el indicador no es aplicable o B) países que no han validado las estimaciones de la FAO y que, sin embargo, no han proporcionado cifras propias.</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Los datos de la ICC de la AEE sobre la cubierta terrestre están disponibles de forma gratuita en <a href=\"https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164\">https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/164</a></li>\n <li>Los datos de Kapos están disponibles gratuitamente en los siguientes enlaces:</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n <li>Sitio web de la Alianza para las Montañas de la FAO, encontrar el archivo raster en el banner de la derecha. Acceso en <a href=\"http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/\">http://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/our-work/focusareas/foodsecurity/en/</a> </li>\n <li>La clasificación Kapos del USGS Mountain Explorer se puede encontrar como GME_K1classes.zip en: <a href=\"https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global/\">https://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/outgoing/ecosystems/Global</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n <li>Los límites administrativos están disponibles en varias bases de datos globales en los siguientes enlaces:</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n <li>Capa de Unidades Administrativas Mundiales (GAUL, por sus siglas en inglés) de la FAO <a href=\"https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004\">https://data.europa.eu/euodp/data/dataset/jrc-10112-10004</a></li>\n <li>Divas-GIS <a href=\"https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata\">https://www.diva-gis.org/gdata</a> </li>\n <li>Límites del segundo nivel administrativo de las Naciones Unidas (SALB) <a href=\"https://www.unsalb.org/\">https://www.unsalb.org/</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Series temporales:</h2>\n<p>Se dispone de cifras nacionales, regionales y mundiales para los años 2000, 2010, 2015 y 2018.</p>\n<h2>Desagregación:</h2>\n<p>En la base de datos global de los ODS, el indicador se desglosa por clase de elevación de la montaña (descriptor de montaña). En el portal de indicadores de los ODS de la FAO se encuentra disponible una dimensión de desagregación adicional, la clase de cubierta terrestre del IPCC. La combinación de seis clases de elevación y seis tipos principales de cobertura del suelo según la clasificación del IPCC da lugar a 36 desgloses diferentes por país y por año de referencia. </p>", "id": 47685298, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685298/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679585/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693857+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator is generated by geospatial data and therefore has universal coverage. Countries with no values on the global SDG database are either A) countries with no mountains where the indicator is not applicable (indicated as NA) or B) countries that have not validated FAO’s estimates and yet have not provided figures of their own.</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Country, regional and global figures are available since the year 2000. </p>\n<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2a, data is available for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>\n<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2b, data is available for the reporting period 2000-2015 (baseline), 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>In the global SDG database, both sub-indicators are disaggregated by mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by Körner <em>et al. </em>(2011) (see section 2c. Classifications). In addition, sub-indicator 15.4.2a is disaggregated by the 10 SEEA classes included in Table 2. Those values are reported in square kilometres. </p>", "id": 47685297, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685297/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679582/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693791+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Métodos y directrices a disposición de los países para la recopilación de los datos a nivel nacional:</h2>\n<p>El valor del indicador puede calcularse como sigue:  </p>\n<ol>\n <li>Las clases de cobertura del suelo de la AEE ICC están reclasificadas en seis clases del IPCC y mapa de cobertura verde/no verde </li>\n <li>El mapa de rangos de elevación de Kapos se superpone al mapa resultante del paso 1. </li>\n <li>El histograma zonal se calcula para cada país y agrupación regional de tal manera que el número de píxeles que pertenecen a clases verdes y no verdes se contabilizan dentro de cada rango de elevación. </li>\n <li>Se calcula la relación (%) entre la suma de los píxeles verdes y el número total de píxeles (verdes más no verdes) que caen dentro de cada Kapos para obtener los valores de MGCI por cada clase de Kapos. </li>\n <li>El mismo procedimiento se utiliza para calcular la distribución de las clases de cobertura del suelo definidas por el IPCC dentro de cada rango de elevación. </li>\n</ol>", "id": 47685296, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685296/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679582/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693728+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Detailed guidance and computation tools to support countries to compute the indicator and report its values using standardised reporting tables will be provided by FAO. </p>", "id": 47685295, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685295/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679580/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693659+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Agregados regionales:</h2>\n<p>La utilización de datos espacialmente explícitos permite calcular directamente el valor del indicador para cualquier zona delimitada. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta la resolución espacial de 300 metros de la capa ICC, el cálculo de los valores del indicador para las regiones más pequeñas que constan de pocos píxeles puede dar lugar a cambios bruscos en los valores del indicador debido al impacto relativamente mayor de los errores de clasificación. </p>", "id": 47685294, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685294/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679580/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693595+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The indicator is aggregated to the regional and global level by, in the case of sub-indicator 15.4.2a, summing the spatial extent of green cover and total mountain area, and in the case of 15.4.2b, summing the spatial extent of degraded over total mountain area for all countries and territories reporting in a specific region or globally. </p>", "id": 47685293, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685293/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679574/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693524+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Tratamiento de valores faltantes:</h2>\n<ul>\n <li><strong><em>A nivel de país:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>No se aplica, ya que el indicador tiene una cobertura universal</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong><em>A nivel regional y mundial:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>No procede, ya que el indicador tiene una cobertura universal</p>", "id": 47685292, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685292/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679574/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693442+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<ul>\n <li><strong>At country level</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>For countries where data is not available or incomplete, FAO will provide default estimates derived from global data sources that would then be validated by national focal points.</p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>At regional and global levels</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Not applicable, as the indicator has a universal coverage.</p>", "id": 47685291, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685291/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/43796695/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693234+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 47685290, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685290/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679573/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693094+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Metodología</h1>\n<h2>Método de cálculo:</h2>\n<p>El Índice de Cobertura Vegetal de Montaña se define como </p>\n<p><em>MGCI = (Área de cobertura verde de la montaña/Área total de la montaña) X 100</em></p>\n<p>Donde Área de Cobertura Verde de Montaña = Suma de las áreas cubiertas por las clases de cobertura terrestre de Tierras de Cultivo, Pastizales, Bosques y Humedales.</p>\n<p>El descriptor de vegetación se calcula a partir de un mapa de cobertura del suelo utilizando funciones básicas del SIG. </p>\n<p>Si el país/región no tiene zona de montaña, se le asignará el valor N/A.</p>", "id": 47685289, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685289/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679573/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.693030+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a</strong>, Mountain Green Cover Index, is defined as: </p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>G</mi>\n <mi>C</mi>\n <mi>I</mi>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>G</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>C</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>v</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>A</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>M</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>A</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mo>×</mo>\n <mn>100</mn>\n </math></p>\n<p>Where: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>Mountain Green Cover Area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Sum of areas covered by (1) tree-covered areas, (2) croplands, (3) grasslands, (4) shrub-covered areas and (5) shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded classes in the reporting period <em>n.</em> </li>\n <li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in Km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b</strong>, Proportion of degraded mountain area, is reported as a binary quantification (degraded/non-degraded) of the extent of degraded land over total mountain area, given by:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mi>P</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mi>D</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>d</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mo>×</mo>\n <mn>100</mn>\n </math></p>\n<p>Where: </p>\n<ul>\n <li><em>Degraded mountain area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Total degraded mountain area (in Km<sup>2</sup>) in the reporting period <em>n.</em> This is, the sum of the areas where land cover change is considered to constitute degradation from the baseline period.</li>\n <li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in Km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>\n</ul>\n<p>If the country/region has no mountain area, it will be assigned value N/A.</p>", "id": 47685288, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685288/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679571/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692940+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Comentarios y limitaciones:</h2>\n<p>El indicador puede calcularse utilizando datos de observación de la Tierra disponibles gratuitamente y operaciones sencillas de SIG que pueden procesarse en SIG de software libre y de código abierto (FOSS). </p>\n<p>Las posibles limitaciones de la metodología descrita anteriormente están relacionadas principalmente con la calidad de los datos sobre la cubierta terrestre. Los mapas de cobertura del suelo de la ICC AEE están actualmente disponibles a una resolución de 300 metros, lo que limita su aplicabilidad en el monitoreo de paisajes pequeños y altamente heterogéneos. Por lo tanto, si los países tienen mapas nacionales de cobertura territorial de mayor resolución espacial y comparable o de mejor calidad, la FAO aconseja utilizarlos, siguiendo la misma metodología presentada aquí, para la generación de valores MGCI. </p>\n<p>En cuanto a la interpretación del indicador, aunque en la gran mayoría de los casos la dirección deseada es un aumento de la cubierta verde de montaña que refleja la restricción del daño a los ecosistemas naturales y posiblemente incluso la expansión de bosques, matorrales y pastizales a través de esfuerzos de conservación, en casos más limitados, un aumento en el valor del indicador en las clases de alta elevación también puede significar la invasión de vegetación en áreas previamente cubiertas por glaciares u otros permanentes o capas semipermanente de hielo o nieve, como resultado del calentamiento global debido al cambio climático. Ese cambio puede seguirse con la metodología actual y señalarse en consecuencia a nivel de datos desglosados por tipo de cubierta terrestre y clase de elevación, para distinguir este caso de la tendencia general deseada de aumentar la cubierta verde de las montañas. </p>", "id": 47685287, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685287/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679571/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692876+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The indicator can be calculated using freely available Earth Observation data and simple GIS operations that can be processed in free and open source software (FOSS) GIS. Regional and global land cover data derived from Earth observation can play an important role in the absence of, to complement, or to enhance national official data sources. These datasets can help validate and improve national statistics for greater accuracy by ensuring that the data</p>\n<p>Recognizing that this indicator cannot fully capture the complexity of mountain ecosystems across the world, countries are strongly encouraged to use other relevant national or sub-national indicators, data and information to strengthen their interpretation, as well as taking into account the following limitations: </p>\n<ul>\n <li>Sub-indicator ‘’a’’ should be interpreted with care given that: 1) lack of green cover does not necessarily mean that a particular mountain area is degraded (i.e. areas of permanent snow and ice, scree slopes and natural sparsely vegetated areas above the tree line, 2) it does not capture significant drivers of change such as conversion of natural areas to cropland or pastureland, and 3) increase in green cover may due to impacts of climate change in mountain areas (i.e. increase in green cover due to snow and glacier retreat due to global warming). </li>\n <li>Because land cover refers to the naturally stable aspects of land and the structure of its key elements, transient aspects such as vegetation phenology, snow or flooding cannot be captured by land cover transitions as measured in sub-indicator 15.4.2b. In the context of SDG Target 15.4, this is particularly relevant for snow cover dynamics (snow cover duration within a year), which has been highlighted as a key impact of global warming in mountain ecosystems with direct impacts to water provision (Notarnicola, 2020). </li>\n <li>Decisions about which land cover transitions are linked to degradation processes would sometimes require information on the use of land, not only land cover. For example, the conversion of tree-covered areas to grassland may be a result of deforestation (change in land cover and land use) or just the result of certain management practices and natural disturbance (change in land cover only). The former could be identified as a negative transition, while the latter could be considered as stable or unchanging. The use of land use information would help to better characterize those changes in the context of sub-indicator “b’’. </li>\n <li>Both sub-indicators are not able to capture ecosystem degradation drivers that do not necessarily result in changes in land cover. Some examples of this include conversions of natural forest to tree plantations, conversion of natural and semi-natural grasslands to intensively used pastures, forest and grassland degradation or invasive species invasion, among others. However, the use of more detailed national land use maps may be able to overcome some of these gaps for sub-indicator 15.4.2b.</li>\n <li>While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to medium resolution. Therefore, if countries have national land cover maps of higher spatial resolution and comparable or better quality, FAO advises using them, following the same methodology presented here, for the generation of the indicator’s values. </li>\n</ul>", "id": 47685286, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685286/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679569/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692800+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Justificación:</h2>\n<p>Los ecosistemas de montaña son importantes centros de biodiversidad que proporcionan valiosos servicios ecosistémicos a las zonas situadas aguas arriba y abajo. Sin embargo, las montañas son muy frágiles y se ven afectadas fácilmente por factores tanto naturales como antropogénicos. Entre ellos se encuentran el cambio climático, los riesgos naturales como los corrimientos de tierra y las inundaciones, la expansión agrícola no planificada, la urbanización no planificada, la extracción de madera y las actividades recreativas. La degradación de los ecosistemas de montaña, como la pérdida de la cubierta glaciar, la biodiversidad de la montaña y la cubierta vegetal, afectará a la capacidad del ecosistema para suministrar agua aguas abajo. La pérdida de la cubierta forestal y vegetal reducirá la capacidad del ecosistema para retener el suelo y evitar desprendimientos e inundaciones aguas abajo. </p>\n<p>Por lo tanto, el seguimiento de los cambios en la vegetación de montaña proporciona información sobre el estado de los ecosistemas de montaña. El seguimiento del Índice de cobertura verde de las montañas (MGCI, por sus siglas en inglés) a lo largo del tiempo puede proporcionar información sobre el alcance del cambio vegetacional y de la salud general del ecosistema de montaña. La evaluación del cambio de la cubierta vegetal diferenciada por la elevación es importante para comprender los cambios que se producen en las regiones de montaña debido a la influencia de la pendiente, el aspecto y la altitud del terreno montañoso en el ecosistema. </p>\n<p>Sin embargo, los valores del MGCI deben interpretarse con cuidado. No proporciona los detalles sobre el cambio de las especies, el cambio en la línea de árboles o las zonas de sombra de la lluvia. Entender la variación en la composición de las especies y la línea de árboles será importante para identificar los impactos a largo plazo del cambio climático en las regiones de montaña. El análisis de las variaciones vegetativas en cada una de las zonas de elevación a lo largo del tiempo ayudará a determinar las medidas de gestión y adaptación adecuadas.</p>\n<p>En algunos casos, un aumento del valor del indicador en las clases de alta elevación también puede significar la invasión de la vegetación en zonas anteriormente cubiertas por glaciares u otras capas de hielo o nieve permanentes o semipermanentes, como resultado del calentamiento global debido al cambio climático. Este cambio puede rastrearse con la metodología actual y marcarse en consecuencia a nivel de datos desagregados por tipo de cubierta terrestre y clase de elevación, para distinguir este caso de la tendencia general deseada de aumento de la cubierta verde de las montañas.</p>", "id": 47685285, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685285/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679569/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692735+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Mountain ecosystems are important biodiversity centres that provide valuable ecosystem services to upstream and downstream areas. Yet, mountains are very fragile and impacted easily by both natural and anthropogenic factors. These can include climate change, unplanned agricultural expansion, unplanned urbanization, timber extraction, recreational activities and natural hazards such as landslides and flooding. The degradation of mountain ecosystems such as loss of the glacial cover, mountain biodiversity and green cover will affect the ability of the ecosystem to supply water downstream. The loss of forest and vegetative cover will reduce the ability of the ecosystem to retain soil and prevent landslides and flooding downstream. </p>\n<p>Therefore, monitoring mountain vegetation changes and its estimated impact in terms of ecosystem degradation and recovery provides information on the status of mountain ecosystems. Assessing the changes in land cover differentiated by bioclimatic belts is important in understanding the role that environmental factors, such as climate, play in explaining variations of mountain green cover across regions and helps to better interpret the direction of those changes. </p>", "id": 47685284, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685284/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/43796694/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692646+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "id": 47685283, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685283/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679565/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692495+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Proveedores de datos</h1>\n<p>Agencia Espacial Europea </p>\n<p>Alianza para las Montañas, FAO</p>\n<p>USGS </p>", "id": 47685282, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685282/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679565/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692310+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>NSO SDG focal points will provide reports that include values for both sub-indicators, including the original data and reference sources, and descriptions of how these have been used to derive sub-indicators values. FAO will provide country-specific values for both sub-indicators when national official data do not exist or are incomplete, in consultation with concerned countries</p>", "id": 47685281, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685281/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679564/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692144+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Publicación de datos:</h2>\n<p>Todos los datos están ya disponibles</p>", "id": 47685280, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685280/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679564/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.692075+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>March of every year, in line with the annual SDG reporting cycle.</p>", "id": 47685279, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685279/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679563/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.691919+01:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Calendario</h1>\n<h2>Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p>La ICC cubierta terrestre de la AEE está disponible desde 1992 hasta 2018. Cada año se entrega un nuevo mapa global de la cubierta terrestre.</p>", "id": 47685278, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685278/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29679563/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/15-4-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:49.691730+01:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>SDG indicator 15.4.2 is updated every three years. </p>", "id": 47685277, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/47685277/?format=api" } ] }