Changes
Translation components API.
See the Weblate's Web API documentation for detailed description of the API.
GET /api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/changes/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 725, "next": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/changes/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/changes/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678754/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483737+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT), African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD).</p>", "old": "<p>The UIS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT), African STI Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of AU/NEPAD</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771845, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771845/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678753/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483682+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Proveedores de datos</h1>\n<h2>Nombre:</h2>\n<p>Encuestas nacionales de I+D, realizadas por la oficina nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (como el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología).</p>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos se recogen a través de encuestas nacionales de I+D, realizadas por el instituto nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (por ejemplo, el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología)</p>", "old": "<h1>Proveedores de datos</h1>\n<h2>Nombre:</h2>\n<p>Encuestas nacionales de I+D, realizadas por la oficina nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (como el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología).</p>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos se recogen a través de encuestas nacionales de I+D, realizadas por el instituto nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (por ejemplo, el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología)</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771844, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771844/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678753/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483590+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old": "<p>Data are collected through national R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771843, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771843/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678750/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483441+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Publicación de datos:</h2>\n<p>Julio de cada año</p>", "old": "<h2>Publicación de datos:</h2>\n<p>Julio de cada año</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>March and October every year</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771842, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771842/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678750/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483351+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>March and October every year</p>", "old": "<p>July every year</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771841, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771841/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678748/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483296+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1> Calendario</h1>\n<h2> Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p> IEU envía el cuestionario en septiembre de cada año. La OCDE y Eurostat recopilan datos dos veces al año. </p>", "old": "<h1> Calendario</h1>\n<h2> Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p> IEU envía el cuestionario en septiembre de cada año. La OCDE y Eurostat recopilan datos dos veces al año. </p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out the questionnaire in June every year. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) collect data twice per year. The Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT) collects data once per year.</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771840, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771840/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678748/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483241+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out the questionnaire in June every year. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) collect data twice per year. The Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT) collects data once per year.</p>", "old": "<p>UIS sends out the questionnaire in September every year. The OECD and Eurostat collect data twice per year.</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771839, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771839/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678745/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483181+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h2>Proceso de recolección:</h2>\n<p>El IEU envía todos los años un cuestionario para recoger los datos de I+D de todos los países (alrededor de 125 países), que no están cubiertos por las recopilaciones de datos de las otras organizaciones asociadas, como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), Eurostat (Oficina de Estadística de la Unión Europea) y la Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología – Iberoamericana e Interamericana (RICYT). De acuerdo con estas tres organizaciones, sus datos (recogidos en sus estados miembros/estados miembros asociados – alrededor de 65 países-) se obtienen directamente de las respectivas bases de datos (en el caso de la OCDE y Eurostat) o se reciben del socio (en el caso de la RICYT). También existe una colaboración en África con la Iniciativa Africana de Indicadores de CTI (ASTII) de la UA/NEPAD, que puede conducir a una recopilación conjunta de datos en el futuro. </p>\n<p>Para los datos a los que el IEU envía un cuestionario, el proceso es el siguiente:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Se envía un cuestionario a los puntos focales de los países, generalmente dentro del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología o de la oficina nacional de estadística.</li>\n<li>El IEU procesa los cuestionarios, se comunica con los países en caso de dudas, calcula los indicadores y publica los datos e indicadores en su página web. </li>\n <li> Se pide a los países que rellenen el cuestionario utilizando las clasificaciones internacionales estándar, por lo que generalmente no es necesario realizar ajustes.</li>\n</ul>", "old": "<h2>Proceso de recolección:</h2>\n<p>El IEU envía todos los años un cuestionario para recoger los datos de I+D de todos los países (alrededor de 125 países), que no están cubiertos por las recopilaciones de datos de las otras organizaciones asociadas, como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), Eurostat (Oficina de Estadística de la Unión Europea) y la Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología – Iberoamericana e Interamericana (RICYT). De acuerdo con estas tres organizaciones, sus datos (recogidos en sus estados miembros/estados miembros asociados – alrededor de 65 países-) se obtienen directamente de las respectivas bases de datos (en el caso de la OCDE y Eurostat) o se reciben del socio (en el caso de la RICYT). También existe una colaboración en África con la Iniciativa Africana de Indicadores de CTI (ASTII) de la UA/NEPAD, que puede conducir a una recopilación conjunta de datos en el futuro. </p>\n<p>Para los datos a los que el IEU envía un cuestionario, el proceso es el siguiente:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Se envía un cuestionario a los puntos focales de los países, generalmente dentro del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología o de la oficina nacional de estadística.</li>\n<li>El IEU procesa los cuestionarios, se comunica con los países en caso de dudas, calcula los indicadores y publica los datos e indicadores en su página web. </li>\n <li> Se pide a los países que rellenen el cuestionario utilizando las clasificaciones internacionales estándar, por lo que generalmente no es necesario realizar ajustes.</li>\n</ul>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect research and experimental development (R&D) data from all countries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from their member states/associated member states – around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the respective databases (in the case of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD and Statistical Office of the European Union - Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American - RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD). </p>\n<p>For the countries to which the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends a questionnaire, the process is the following:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and Technology or the national statistical office.</li>\n <li>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, calculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website. </li>\n <li>Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international classifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The other agencies have similar procedures.</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771838, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771838/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678745/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.483068+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect research and experimental development (R&D) data from all countries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from their member states/associated member states – around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the respective databases (in the case of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD and Statistical Office of the European Union - Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American - RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD). </p>\n<p>For the countries to which the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends a questionnaire, the process is the following:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and Technology or the national statistical office.</li>\n <li>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, calculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website. </li>\n <li>Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international classifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The other agencies have similar procedures.</p>", "old": "<p>The UIS sends out a questionnaire every year to collect R&D data from all countries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from their member states/associated member states – around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the respective databases (in the case of the OECD and Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African STI Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of AU/NEPAD. </p>\n<p>For the data UIS sends a questionnaire to, the process is the following:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and Technology or the national statistical office.</li>\n <li>UIS processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, calculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website. </li>\n <li>Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international classifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The other agencies have similar procedures.</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771837, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771837/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678743/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482974+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Fuentes de datos</h1>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos se recogen a través de encuestas nacionales de I+D, ya sea por la oficina nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (como el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología).</p>", "old": "<h1>Fuentes de datos</h1>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos se recogen a través de encuestas nacionales de I+D, ya sea por la oficina nacional de estadística o por un ministerio competente (como el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología).</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771836, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771836/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678743/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482919+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old": "<p>Data are collected through national R&D surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771835, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771835/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586919/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482865+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The main methodological guide, which provides international standard guidelines for measuring research and experimental development (R&D) is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development: <a href=\"http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>).</p>\n<p>In addition to the above, the following international classifications are used to facilitate the research and experimental development (R&D) data compilation process and the presentation of research and experimental development (R&D) statistics by various disaggregation: </p>\n<p>International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities</p>\n<p>(ISIC), Rev. 4, United Nations (2008): https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, UNESCO-UIS (2012): <a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf\">www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), International Labour Organization (2012): <a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm\">www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm</a>.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771834, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771834/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586918/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482810+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Per million population</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771833, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771833/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678736/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482754+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>\n<h2>Definición:</h2>\n<p>Los investigadores (en equivalente a tiempo completo) por millón de habitantes es una medida directa del número de trabajadores de investigación y desarrollo por cada millón de personas.</p>\n<h2>Conceptos:</h2>\n<p>El Manual de Frascati de la OCDE (OCDE, 2015) proporciona las definiciones pertinentes para la investigación y el desarrollo experimental, el gasto interno bruto en I+D y los investigadores. Aunque es un manual de la OCDE, su aplicación es global. Durante la 6ª revisión del Manual de Frascati, las cuestiones relativas a los países en desarrollo se integraron en el núcleo del Manual. La 7ª edición se publicó en octubre de 2015.</p>\n<p>Las siguientes definiciones, tomadas de la edición de 2015 del Manual de Frascati, son relevantes para el cálculo del indicador. </p>\n<p>La investigación y el desarrollo experimental (I&D) comprenden el trabajo creativo y sistemático realizado con el fin de aumentar el acervo de conocimientos –, incluido el conocimiento de la humanidad, la cultura y la sociedad –, y de idear nuevas aplicaciones de los conocimientos disponibles.</p>\n<p>Los investigadores son profesionales que se dedican a la concepción o creación de nuevos conocimientos. Llevan a cabo investigaciones y mejoran o desarrollan conceptos, teorías, modelos, técnicas, instrumentación, software o métodos operativos.</p>\n<p>El equivalente a tiempo completo (ETC) del personal de I+D se define como la proporción de horas de trabajo realmente dedicadas a la I+D durante un período de referencia específico (normalmente un año natural) dividido por el número total de horas convencionalmente trabajadas en el mismo período por un individuo o por un grupo.</p>", "old": "<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>\n<h2>Definición:</h2>\n<p>Los investigadores (en equivalente a tiempo completo) por millón de habitantes es una medida directa del número de trabajadores de investigación y desarrollo por cada millón de personas.</p>\n<h2>Conceptos:</h2>\n<p>El Manual de Frascati de la OCDE (OCDE, 2015) proporciona las definiciones pertinentes para la investigación y el desarrollo experimental, el gasto interno bruto en I+D y los investigadores. Aunque es un manual de la OCDE, su aplicación es global. Durante la 6ª revisión del Manual de Frascati, las cuestiones relativas a los países en desarrollo se integraron en el núcleo del Manual. La 7ª edición se publicó en octubre de 2015.</p>\n<p>Las siguientes definiciones, tomadas de la edición de 2015 del Manual de Frascati, son relevantes para el cálculo del indicador. </p>\n<p>La investigación y el desarrollo experimental (I&D) comprenden el trabajo creativo y sistemático realizado con el fin de aumentar el acervo de conocimientos –, incluido el conocimiento de la humanidad, la cultura y la sociedad –, y de idear nuevas aplicaciones de los conocimientos disponibles.</p>\n<p>Los investigadores son profesionales que se dedican a la concepción o creación de nuevos conocimientos. Llevan a cabo investigaciones y mejoran o desarrollan conceptos, teorías, modelos, técnicas, instrumentación, software o métodos operativos.</p>\n<p>El equivalente a tiempo completo (ETC) del personal de I+D se define como la proporción de horas de trabajo realmente dedicadas a la I+D durante un período de referencia específico (normalmente un año natural) dividido por el número total de horas convencionalmente trabajadas en el mismo período por un individuo o por un grupo.</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&D) workers per 1 million people.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental development (R&D), gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) and researchers. Although an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) manual, the application is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were mainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015.</p>\n<p>The following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing the indicator. </p>\n<p>Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.</p>\n<p>Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods.</p>\n<p>The Full-time equivalent (FTE) of research and experimental development (R&D) personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on research and experimental development (R&D) during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771832, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771832/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678736/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482698+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&D) workers per 1 million people.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental development (R&D), gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) and researchers. Although an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) manual, the application is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were mainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015.</p>\n<p>The following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing the indicator. </p>\n<p>Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.</p>\n<p>Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods.</p>\n<p>The Full-time equivalent (FTE) of research and experimental development (R&D) personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on research and experimental development (R&D) during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.</p>", "old": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>The OECD Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental development, gross domestic expenditure on R&D and researchers. Although an OECD manual, the application is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were mainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015.</p>\n<p>The following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing the indicator. </p>\n<p>Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.</p>\n<p>Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods.</p>\n<p>The Full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on R&D during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771831, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771831/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586917/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482643+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771830, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771830/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678733/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482583+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1>Información institucional </h1>\n<h2>Organización(es): </h2>\n<p>Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) </p>", "old": "<h1>Información institucional </h1>\n<h2>Organización(es): </h2>\n<p>Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) </p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) </p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771829, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771829/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678733/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482508+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) </p>", "old": "<p>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771828, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771828/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678731/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482451+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<h1> Indicadores relacionados a febrero de 2020</h1>\n<p> 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>", "old": "<h1> Indicadores relacionados a febrero de 2020</h1>\n<p> 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "<p>Linkages with goals and targets: 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>\n<p>Linkages with indicators: Not applicable</p>", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771827, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771827/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678731/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482395+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "<p>Linkages with goals and targets: 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>\n<p>Linkages with indicators: Not applicable</p>", "old": "<p>9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771826, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771826/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678728/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482337+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "<p>Última actualización: 11 de julio de 2017</p>", "old": "<p>Última actualización: 11 de julio de 2017</p>", "details": { "state": 10, "source": "2023-03-31", "old_state": 10 }, "id": 63771825, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771825/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678728/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482275+02:00", "action": 30, "target": "2023-03-31", "old": "<p>2021-12-06</p>", "details": {}, "id": 63771824, "action_name": "Source string changed", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771824/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586916/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/es/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:05.482172+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Applies to all series</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771823, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771823/?format=api" }, { "unit": null, "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967473+02:00", "action": 0, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "reason": "content changed", "filename": "translations-metadata/en/9-5-2.yml" }, "id": 63771822, "action_name": "Resource updated", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771822/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678656/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967435+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org\">www.uis.unesco.org</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en</a>. </p>\n<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data centre: </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685</a> </p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771821, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771821/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678651/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967395+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available for over 140 countries for Researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981 </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>Researchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771820, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771820/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586915/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967354+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The data should comply with the concepts/definitions and guidelines provided in the international standards (i.e. the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD Frascati Manual) and should cover all sectors of performance, representing all institutions, which are engaged in research and experimental development (R&D) activities in the country. Criteria for quality assessment include: data sources must include proper documentation; data values must be nationally representative, if not, should be footnoted; data are plausible and based on trends and consistency with previously published/reported values.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771819, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771819/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678647/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967313+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The process of quality assurance includes review of survey documentations/metadata, examination of reliability of data, make sure they comply with international standards (including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD Frascati Manual), and examine the consistency and coherence within the data set as well as with the time series of data and the resulting indicators. During the data processing stage, for each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the above quality aspects are looked into and a data report is produced identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data for each respective country. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends such data reports, including the calculated indicators for target 9.5, providing the countries with the opportunity to review the data/indicators and submit any clarifications or modifications/additions before releasing data at the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data Centre and submitting the data to UN Statistics Division for inclusion in the global SDG Indicators Database.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771818, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771818/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586914/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967273+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) maintains a set of data processing guidelines/standards as well as data processing tools to facilitate processing of data and ensure the quality of data.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771817, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771817/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678645/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967232+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Countries are responsible themselves for the collection of research and experimental development (R&D) data at the national level, compile national totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>.</p>\n<p>All countries follow the international guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>. Countries starting to measure research and experimental development (R&D) can use the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: <a href=\"http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf</a>.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771816, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771816/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678644/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967191+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Missing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in full-time equivalent (FTE) are then added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771815, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771815/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678641/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967149+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p><strong>• At country level</strong></p>\n<p> Missing data are not estimated by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).</p>\n<p><strong>• At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Imputations are based on interpolations or extrapolations of data for other reference years. Second option is to make an estimate for full-time equivalent (FTE) based on available headcount data. In case no data are available at all, the unweighted regional average is used as an estimate.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771814, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771814/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586912/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967088+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>For each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) executes a series of quality checks and sends back a data processing report identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data to countries for their feedback, corrections as well as validation of indicators.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771813, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771813/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678638/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967048+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Computation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses available population data as denominator.</p>\n<p>The number researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants <em>(RES<sub>Density</sub>)</em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <msub>\n <mrow>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n <mi>S</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>D</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>y</mi>\n </mrow>\n </msub>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <msub>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mo>(</mo>\n <mi>F</mi>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n <mo>)</mo>\n </mrow>\n <mrow></mrow>\n </msub>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>y</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mo>×</mo>\n <mn>1</mn>\n <mo>,</mo>\n <mn>000</mn>\n <mo>,</mo>\n <mn>000</mn>\n </math></p>\n<p>where<em> ‘Total researchers (FTE)’ </em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mfenced separators=\"|\">\n <mrow>\n <mi>F</mi>\n <mi>T</mi>\n <mi>E</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfenced>\n <mo>=</mo>\n <mi>N</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>b</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mo>-</mo>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mo>+</mo>\n <mo>[</mo>\n <mfrac>\n <mrow>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>N</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>b</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>w</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>k</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>R</mi>\n <mo>&amp;</mo>\n <mi>D</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>b</mi>\n <mi>y</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>p</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mo>-</mo>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n </mrow>\n <mrow>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>N</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>b</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>v</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>y</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>w</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>k</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>n</mi>\n <mi>g</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>o</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>f</mi>\n <mi>u</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mi>l</mi>\n <mo>-</mo>\n <mi>t</mi>\n <mi>i</mi>\n <mi>m</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>&nbsp;</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>s</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>a</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n <mi>c</mi>\n <mi>h</mi>\n <mi>e</mi>\n <mi>r</mi>\n </mrow>\n </mfrac>\n <mo>]</mo>\n </math></p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771812, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771812/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678633/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.967007+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Research and experimental development (R&D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771811, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771811/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678627/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966967+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&D) workers per 1 million people referred to in the target.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771810, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771810/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586911/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966926+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical branch of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Institute produces internationally comparable data and methodologies in the fields of education, science, culture and communication for countries at all stages of development.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771809, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771809/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678621/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966886+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT), African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD).</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771808, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771808/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678616/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966846+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771807, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771807/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678614/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966805+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>March and October every year</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771806, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771806/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678609/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966765+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out the questionnaire in June every year. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) collect data twice per year. The Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT) collects data once per year.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771805, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771805/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678605/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966724+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect research and experimental development (R&D) data from all countries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from their member states/associated member states – around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the respective databases (in the case of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD and Statistical Office of the European Union - Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of the Network on Science and Technology Indicators – Ibero-American and Inter-American - RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD). </p>\n<p>For the countries to which the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends a questionnaire, the process is the following:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and Technology or the national statistical office.</li>\n <li>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, calculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website. </li>\n <li>Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international classifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The other agencies have similar procedures.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771804, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771804/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678600/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966683+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771803, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771803/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586910/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966643+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>The main methodological guide, which provides international standard guidelines for measuring research and experimental development (R&D) is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development: <a href=\"http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>).</p>\n<p>In addition to the above, the following international classifications are used to facilitate the research and experimental development (R&D) data compilation process and the presentation of research and experimental development (R&D) statistics by various disaggregation: </p>\n<p>International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities</p>\n<p>(ISIC), Rev. 4, United Nations (2008): https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, UNESCO-UIS (2012): <a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf\">www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), International Labour Organization (2012): <a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm\">www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm</a>.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771802, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771802/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586909/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966601+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Per million population</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771801, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771801/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678596/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966559+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&D) workers per 1 million people.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental development (R&D), gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) and researchers. Although an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) manual, the application is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were mainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015.</p>\n<p>The following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing the indicator. </p>\n<p>Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.</p>\n<p>Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods.</p>\n<p>The Full-time equivalent (FTE) of research and experimental development (R&D) personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on research and experimental development (R&D) during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771800, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771800/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/68586908/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966517+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771799, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771799/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678594/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966476+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) </p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771798, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771798/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678591/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966433+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "<p>Linkages with goals and targets: 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>\n<p>Linkages with indicators: Not applicable</p>", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771797, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771797/?format=api" }, { "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678589/?format=api", "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api", "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/ar/?format=api", "user": null, "author": null, "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:04.966387+02:00", "action": 59, "target": "", "old": "", "details": { "state": 0, "source": "2023-03-31", "old_state": 0 }, "id": 63771796, "action_name": "String updated in the repository", "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771796/?format=api" } ] }