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                "source": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available for over 140 countries for Researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981 </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>Researchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age.</p>",
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            "id": 63771945,
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                "source": "<p>The data should comply with the concepts/definitions and guidelines provided in the international standards (i.e. the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD Frascati Manual) and should cover all sectors of performance, representing all institutions, which are engaged in research and experimental development (R&amp;D) activities in the country. Criteria for quality assessment include: data sources must include proper documentation; data values must be nationally representative, if not, should be footnoted; data are plausible and based on trends and consistency with previously published/reported values.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>The process of quality assurance includes review of survey documentations/metadata, examination of reliability of data, make sure they comply with international standards (including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD Frascati Manual), and examine the consistency and coherence within the data set as well as with the time series of data and the resulting indicators. During the data processing stage, for each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the above quality aspects are looked into and a data report is produced identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data for each respective country. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends such data reports, including the calculated indicators for target 9.5, providing the countries with the opportunity to review the data/indicators and submit any clarifications or modifications/additions before releasing data at the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data Centre and submitting the data to UN Statistics Division for inclusion in the global SDG Indicators Database.</p>",
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            "id": 63771943,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) maintains a set of data processing guidelines/standards as well as data processing tools to facilitate processing of data and ensure the quality of data.</p>",
                "old_state": 0
            },
            "id": 63771942,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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                "source": "<p>Countries are responsible themselves for the collection of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data at the national level, compile national totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>.</p>\n<p>All countries follow the international guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>. Countries starting to measure research and experimental development (R&amp;D) can use the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: <a href=\"http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf</a>.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Missing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in full-time equivalent (FTE) are then added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total.</p>",
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            "id": 63771940,
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                "source": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p> Missing data are not estimated by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).</p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Imputations are based on interpolations or extrapolations of data for other reference years. Second option is to make an estimate for full-time equivalent (FTE) based on available headcount data. In case no data are available at all, the unweighted regional average is used as an estimate.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>For each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) executes a series of quality checks and sends back a data processing report identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data to countries for their feedback, corrections as well as validation of indicators.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Computation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses available population data as denominator.</p>\n<p>The number researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants <em>(RES<sub>Density</sub>)</em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <msub>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n        <mi>S</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </msub>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <msub>\n          <mrow>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>o</mi>\n            <mi>t</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>l</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>c</mi>\n            <mi>h</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mo>(</mo>\n            <mi>F</mi>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>E</mi>\n            <mo>)</mo>\n          </mrow>\n          <mrow></mrow>\n        </msub>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>&#xD7;</mo>\n    <mn>1</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n  </math></p>\n<p>where<em> &#x2018;Total researchers (FTE)&#x2019; </em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <mi>T</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mfenced separators=\"|\">\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>F</mi>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfenced>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mi>N</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>b</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mo>-</mo>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>i</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mo>+</mo>\n    <mo>[</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mo>&amp;amp;</mo>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>v</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>]</mo>\n  </math></p>",
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            "id": 63771937,
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            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.422061+02:00",
            "action": 59,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>Research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered.</p>",
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            "id": 63771936,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "action": 59,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>The indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) workers per 1 million people referred to in the target.</p>",
                "old_state": 0
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            "id": 63771935,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical branch of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Institute produces internationally comparable data and methodologies in the fields of education, science, culture and communication for countries at all stages of development.</p>",
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            "id": 63771934,
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                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators &#x2013; Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT), African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD).</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&amp;D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>",
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            "author": null,
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                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>March and October every year</p>",
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            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "",
            "old": "",
            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out the questionnaire in June every year. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) collect data twice per year. The Network on Science and Technology Indicators &#x2013; Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT) collects data once per year.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends out a questionnaire every year to collect research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data from all countries (around 125 countries), which are not covered by the data collections of the other partner organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Union) and the Network on Science and Technology Indicators &#x2013; Ibero-American and Inter-American (RICYT). In agreement with these three organisations, their data (which were collected from their member states/associated member states &#x2013; around 65 countries-) are directly obtained from the respective databases (in the case of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD and Statistical Office of the European Union - Eurostat) or received from the partner (in the case of the Network on Science and Technology Indicators &#x2013; Ibero-American and Inter-American - RICYT). There is also collaboration in Africa with the African Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Indicators Initiative (ASTII) of the African Union Development Agency-NEPAD (AUDA-NEPAD). </p>\n<p>For the countries to which the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends a questionnaire, the process is the following:</p>\n<ol>\n  <li>A questionnaire is sent to focal points in countries, generally within the Ministry of Science and Technology or the national statistical office.</li>\n  <li>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) processes the questionnaires, communicating with the countries in case of questions, calculates indicators and releases the data and indicators on its website. </li>\n  <li>Countries are requested to complete the questionnaire using the standard international classifications, therefore adjustments are generally not needed.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The other agencies have similar procedures.</p>",
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                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>Data are collected through national research and experimental development (R&amp;D) surveys, either by the national statistical office or a line ministry (such as the Ministry for Science and Technology).</p>",
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            "id": 63771928,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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                "source": "<p>The main methodological guide, which provides international standard guidelines for measuring research and experimental development (R&amp;D) is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development: <a href=\"http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecdilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>).</p>\n<p>In addition to the above, the following international classifications are used to facilitate the research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data compilation process and the presentation of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) statistics by various disaggregation: </p>\n<p>International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities</p>\n<p>(ISIC), Rev. 4, United Nations (2008): https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011, UNESCO-UIS (2012): <a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf\">www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), International Labour Organization (2012): <a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm\">www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm</a>.</p>",
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>Per million population</p>",
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            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/pt/?format=api",
            "user": null,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p><strong>Definitions:</strong></p>\n<p>The researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) workers per 1 million people.</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual (OECD, 2015) provides the relevant definitions for research and experimental development (R&amp;D), gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development (R&amp;D) and researchers. Although an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) manual, the application is global. During the 6th revision of the Frascati Manual, developing country issues were mainstreamed in the core of the Manual. The 7th edition was released in October 2015.</p>\n<p>The following definitions, taken from the 2015 edition of the Frascati Manual are relevant for computing the indicator. </p>\n<p>Research and experimental development (R&amp;D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge &#x2013; including knowledge of humankind, culture and society &#x2013; and to devise new applications of available knowledge.</p>\n<p>Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods.</p>\n<p>The Full-time equivalent (FTE) of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on research and experimental development (R&amp;D) during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.</p>",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "",
            "old": "",
            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)</p>",
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            "id": 63771924,
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                "source": "<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) </p>",
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>Linkages with goals and targets: 9.b, 12.a, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8</p>\n<p>Linkages with indicators: Not applicable</p>",
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                "state": 0,
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            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060768+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1> Références</h1>\n<h2> URL:</h2>\n<p> <a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org\">www.uis.unesco.org</a></p>\n<h2> Références:</h2>\n<p> OCDE (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Lignes directrices pour le recueil et la communication des données sur la recherche et le développement expérimental, Mesurer les activités scientifiques, technologiques et d'innovation, Éditions de l'OCDE, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p> <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-fr</a>. </p>\n<p> Centre de données de l’ISU : </p>\n<p> <a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&amp;popupcustomise=true&amp;lang=en\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&amp;popupcustomise=true&amp;lang=fr</a>. </p>",
            "old": "<h1> Références</h1>\n<h2> URL:</h2>\n<p> <a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org\">www.uis.unesco.org</a></p>\n<h2> Références:</h2>\n<p> OCDE (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Lignes directrices pour le recueil et la communication des données sur la recherche et le développement expérimental, Mesurer les activités scientifiques, technologiques et d'innovation, Éditions de l'OCDE, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p> <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-fr</a>. </p>\n<p> Centre de données de l’ISU : </p>\n<p> <a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&amp;popupcustomise=true&amp;lang=en\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&amp;popupcustomise=true&amp;lang=fr</a>. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org\">www.uis.unesco.org</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en</a>. </p>\n<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data centre: </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685</a> </p>",
                "old_state": 10
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            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uis.unesco.org\">www.uis.unesco.org</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en</a>. </p>\n<p>UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data centre: </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685</a> </p>",
            "old": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p>www.uis.unesco.org</p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI:</p>\n<p>http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en. </p>\n<p>UIS Data centre: </p>\n<p><a href=\"http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685\">http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=3685</a> </p>",
            "details": {},
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            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Sources des divergences:</h2>\n<p> Il n’y a aucune différence dans les données sous-jacentes. La différence peut se produire en raison de l’utilisation de données de différence pour le dénominateur utilisé pour calculer les indicateurs. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Sources des divergences:</h2>\n<p> Il n’y a aucune différence dans les données sous-jacentes. La différence peut se produire en raison de l’utilisation de données de différence pour le dénominateur utilisé pour calculer les indicateurs. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
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            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
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            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060547+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1> Disponibilité des données</h1>\n<h2> Description:</h2>\n<p> Données disponibles pour plus de 120 pays pour les chercheurs (en ETP) par million d’habitants</p>\n<h2> Série de temps:</h2>\n<p> Données disponibles dans la base de données de l’ISU depuis l’année de référence 1996, mais données historiques disponibles jusqu’en 1981 </p>\n<h2> Désagrégation:</h2>\n<p> Les chercheurs peuvent être décomposés par secteur d’emploi, domaine des sciences, sexe et âge. </p>",
            "old": "<h1> Disponibilité des données</h1>\n<h2> Description:</h2>\n<p> Données disponibles pour plus de 120 pays pour les chercheurs (en ETP) par million d’habitants</p>\n<h2> Série de temps:</h2>\n<p> Données disponibles dans la base de données de l’ISU depuis l’année de référence 1996, mais données historiques disponibles jusqu’en 1981 </p>\n<h2> Désagrégation:</h2>\n<p> Les chercheurs peuvent être décomposés par secteur d’emploi, domaine des sciences, sexe et âge. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available for over 140 countries for Researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981 </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>Researchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age.</p>",
                "old_state": 10
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            "id": 63771915,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060473+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available for over 140 countries for Researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981 </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>Researchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age.</p>",
            "old": "<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available for over 120 countries for Researchers (in FTE) per million inhabitants</p>\n<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>\n<p>Data available in the UIS database since reference year 1996, but historical data available back to 1981 </p>\n<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>\n<p>Researchers can be broken down by sector of employment, field of science, sex and age.</p>",
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            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060321+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Assurance qualité:</h2>\n<p> L’Institut de statistique de l’UNESCO (ISU) envoie chaque année un questionnaire pour recueillir des données de R&amp;D de tous les pays (environ 125 pays), qui ne sont pas couvertes par les collectes de données des autres organisations partenaires telles que l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE), Eurostat (Office statistique de l’Union européenne) et le Réseau sur les indicateurs scientifiques et technologiques &#x2013; Ibéro-Américain et interaméricain (RICYT). En accord avec ces trois organisations, leurs données (qui ont été collectées auprès de leurs États membres/États membres associés &#x2013; autour de 65 pays-) sont directement obtenues à partir des bases de données respectives (dans le cas de l’OCDE et d’Eurostat) ou reçues du partenaire (dans le cas du RICYT). Il y a également une collaboration en Afrique avec l’Initiative africaine pour les indicateurs des ITS (ASTII) de l’UA/NEPAD. Pour les données à qui l’ISO envoie un questionnaire, le processus d’assurance de la qualité est le suivant : </p>\n<ul>\n  <li> Un questionnaire est envoyé aux points focaux dans les pays, généralement\nau sein du Ministère des sciences et de la technologie ou de l’Office national de la statistique. </li>\n  <li> L’ISU traite les questionnaires, communique avec les pays en cas de questions,\ncalcule les indicateurs et publie les données et les indicateurs sur son site Web. </li>\n  <li> Les pays sont priés de remplir le questionnaire à l’aide des classifications\ninternationales standard, c’est pourquoi des ajustements ne sont généralement pas nécessaires. Les autres organismes ont des procédures similaires. </li> </ul>\n<p> Après traitement des données, mais avant de soumettre les données pour inclusion dans la base de données des ODD, l’ISU envoie les indicateurs calculés pour la cible 9.5 à tous les pays qui ne soumettent pas leurs données à Eurostat ou à l’OCDE. Cela donne aux pays la possibilité d’examiner les données et de fournir des modifications ou des ajouts avant que l’ISU ne soumette les données à l’UNSD. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Assurance qualité:</h2>\n<p> L’Institut de statistique de l’UNESCO (ISU) envoie chaque année un questionnaire pour recueillir des données de R&amp;D de tous les pays (environ 125 pays), qui ne sont pas couvertes par les collectes de données des autres organisations partenaires telles que l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE), Eurostat (Office statistique de l’Union européenne) et le Réseau sur les indicateurs scientifiques et technologiques &#x2013; Ibéro-Américain et interaméricain (RICYT). En accord avec ces trois organisations, leurs données (qui ont été collectées auprès de leurs États membres/États membres associés &#x2013; autour de 65 pays-) sont directement obtenues à partir des bases de données respectives (dans le cas de l’OCDE et d’Eurostat) ou reçues du partenaire (dans le cas du RICYT). Il y a également une collaboration en Afrique avec l’Initiative africaine pour les indicateurs des ITS (ASTII) de l’UA/NEPAD. Pour les données à qui l’ISO envoie un questionnaire, le processus d’assurance de la qualité est le suivant : </p>\n<ul>\n  <li> Un questionnaire est envoyé aux points focaux dans les pays, généralement\nau sein du Ministère des sciences et de la technologie ou de l’Office national de la statistique. </li>\n  <li> L’ISU traite les questionnaires, communique avec les pays en cas de questions,\ncalcule les indicateurs et publie les données et les indicateurs sur son site Web. </li>\n  <li> Les pays sont priés de remplir le questionnaire à l’aide des classifications\ninternationales standard, c’est pourquoi des ajustements ne sont généralement pas nécessaires. Les autres organismes ont des procédures similaires. </li> </ul>\n<p> Après traitement des données, mais avant de soumettre les données pour inclusion dans la base de données des ODD, l’ISU envoie les indicateurs calculés pour la cible 9.5 à tous les pays qui ne soumettent pas leurs données à Eurostat ou à l’OCDE. Cela donne aux pays la possibilité d’examiner les données et de fournir des modifications ou des ajouts avant que l’ISU ne soumette les données à l’UNSD. </p>",
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            "user": null,
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>The process of quality assurance includes review of survey documentations/metadata, examination of reliability of data, make sure they comply with international standards (including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD Frascati Manual), and examine the consistency and coherence within the data set as well as with the time series of data and the resulting indicators. During the data processing stage, for each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the above quality aspects are looked into and a data report is produced identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data for each respective country. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends such data reports, including the calculated indicators for target 9.5, providing the countries with the opportunity to review the data/indicators and submit any clarifications or modifications/additions before releasing data at the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Data Centre and submitting the data to UN Statistics Division for inclusion in the global SDG Indicators Database.</p>",
            "old": "<p>The process of quality assurance includes review of survey documentations/metadata, examination of reliability of data, make sure they comply with international standards (including the OECD Frascati Manual), and examine the consistency and coherence within the data set as well as with the time series of data and the resulting indicators. During the data processing stage, for each questionnaire received from countries where UIS sends questionnaire to, the above quality aspects are looked into and a data report is produced identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data for each respective country. The UIS sends such data reports, including the calculated indicators for target 9.5, providing the countries with the opportunity to review the data/indicators and submit any clarifications or modifications/additions before releasing data at the UIS Data Centre and submitting the data to UNSD for inclusion in the global SDG Indicators Database.</p>",
            "details": {},
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            "action": 59,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) maintains a set of data processing guidelines/standards as well as data processing tools to facilitate processing of data and ensure the quality of data.</p>",
                "old_state": 0
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            "id": 63771910,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060096+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Méthodes et orientations à la disposition des pays pour la compilation des données au niveau national:</h2>\n<p> Les pays sont eux-mêmes responsables de la collecte des données de R&amp;D au niveau national, compilent les totaux nationaux et les soumettent aux organisations internationales. Tous les pays suivent les lignes directrices du Manuel Frascati de l’OCDE : <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-fr</a>. </p>\n<p> Les pays qui commencent à mesurer la R&amp;D peuvent utiliser le document technique 11 de l’ISU pour obtenir de l’aide, qui peut être téléchargé ici : <a href=\"file://E:\\2.%20Work\\5.%20SDG%20metadata%20files\\6.%202017%20July%20Update_Feb-July2017\\3.%20Additional.Metadata.Update.Only\\uis.unesco.org\\sites\\default\\files\\documents\\guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-fr.pdf</a>. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Méthodes et orientations à la disposition des pays pour la compilation des données au niveau national:</h2>\n<p> Les pays sont eux-mêmes responsables de la collecte des données de R&amp;D au niveau national, compilent les totaux nationaux et les soumettent aux organisations internationales. Tous les pays suivent les lignes directrices du Manuel Frascati de l’OCDE : <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-fr</a>. </p>\n<p> Les pays qui commencent à mesurer la R&amp;D peuvent utiliser le document technique 11 de l’ISU pour obtenir de l’aide, qui peut être téléchargé ici : <a href=\"file://E:\\2.%20Work\\5.%20SDG%20metadata%20files\\6.%202017%20July%20Update_Feb-July2017\\3.%20Additional.Metadata.Update.Only\\uis.unesco.org\\sites\\default\\files\\documents\\guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-fr.pdf</a>. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Countries are responsible themselves for the collection of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data at the national level, compile national totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>.</p>\n<p>All countries follow the international guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>. Countries starting to measure research and experimental development (R&amp;D) can use the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: <a href=\"http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf</a>.</p>",
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            "user": null,
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            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.060021+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Countries are responsible themselves for the collection of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data at the national level, compile national totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>.</p>\n<p>All countries follow the international guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>. Countries starting to measure research and experimental development (R&amp;D) can use the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: <a href=\"http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf</a>.</p>",
            "old": "<p>Countries are responsible themselves for the collection of R&amp;D data at the national level, compile national totals and submit them to international organisations. All countries follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>.</p>\n<p>All countries follow the international guidelines of the OECD Frascati Manual: <a href=\"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en\">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en</a>. Countries starting to measure R&amp;D can use UIS Technical Paper 11 for assistance, which can be downloaded here: <a href=\"file://E:\\2.%20Work\\5.%20SDG%20metadata%20files\\6.%202017%20July%20Update_Feb-July2017\\3.%20Additional.Metadata.Update.Only\\uis.unesco.org\\sites\\default\\files\\documents\\guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf\">uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/guide-to-conducting-an-rd-survey-for-countries-starting-to-measure-research-and-experimental-development-2014-en.pdf</a>.</p>",
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            "user": null,
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            "target": "<h2> Agrégats régionaux:</h2>\n<p> Les données manquantes sont imputées à l’aide de la méthodologie décrite ci-dessus. Les données pour les chercheurs en ETP sont ensuite additionées par région et divisées par les données démographiques de cette région. Similaire pour le total mondial. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Agrégats régionaux:</h2>\n<p> Les données manquantes sont imputées à l’aide de la méthodologie décrite ci-dessus. Les données pour les chercheurs en ETP sont ensuite additionées par région et divisées par les données démographiques de cette région. Similaire pour le total mondial. </p>",
            "details": {
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                "source": "<p>Missing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in full-time equivalent (FTE) are then added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total.</p>",
                "old_state": 10
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            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059873+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Missing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in full-time equivalent (FTE) are then added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total.</p>",
            "old": "<p>Missing data are imputed using the methodology described above. The data for researchers in FTE are then added up by region and divided by the population data for that region. Similar for the global total.</p>",
            "details": {},
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Traitement des valeurs manquantes:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong> <em> Au niveau national:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> Les données manquantes ne sont pas estimées par l’ISU. </p>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong> <em> Aux niveaux régional et mondial:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> Les imputations sont basées sur des interpolations ou des extrapolations de données pour d’autres années de référence. La deuxième option consiste à faire une estimation de l’ETP en fonction des données disponibles sur les effectifs. Dans le cas où aucune donnée n’est disponible, la moyenne régionale non pondérée est utilisée comme estimation. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Traitement des valeurs manquantes:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong> <em> Au niveau national:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> Les données manquantes ne sont pas estimées par l’ISU. </p>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong> <em> Aux niveaux régional et mondial:</em></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> Les imputations sont basées sur des interpolations ou des extrapolations de données pour d’autres années de référence. La deuxième option consiste à faire une estimation de l’ETP en fonction des données disponibles sur les effectifs. Dans le cas où aucune donnée n’est disponible, la moyenne régionale non pondérée est utilisée comme estimation. </p>",
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            "old": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p> Missing data are not estimated by the UIS.</p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Imputations are based on interpolations or extrapolations of data for other reference years. Second option is to make an estimate for FTE based on available headcount data. In case no data are available at all, the unweighted regional average is used as an estimate.</p>",
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            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059645+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "",
            "old": "",
            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>For each questionnaire received from countries where the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) sends questionnaire to, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) executes a series of quality checks and sends back a data processing report identifying problematic issues/inconsistent data to countries for their feedback, corrections as well as validation of indicators.</p>",
                "old_state": 0
            },
            "id": 63771903,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771903/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678891/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059567+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1> Méthodologie</h1>\n<h2> Méthode de calcul:</h2>\n<p> Calcul de l’indicateur Les chercheurs (en équivalent temps plein) par million d’habitants utilisent les données démographiques disponibles comme dénominateur. </p>",
            "old": "<h1> Méthodologie</h1>\n<h2> Méthode de calcul:</h2>\n<p> Calcul de l’indicateur Les chercheurs (en équivalent temps plein) par million d’habitants utilisent les données démographiques disponibles comme dénominateur. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Computation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses available population data as denominator.</p>\n<p>The number researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants <em>(RES<sub>Density</sub>)</em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <msub>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n        <mi>S</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </msub>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <msub>\n          <mrow>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>o</mi>\n            <mi>t</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>l</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>c</mi>\n            <mi>h</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mo>(</mo>\n            <mi>F</mi>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>E</mi>\n            <mo>)</mo>\n          </mrow>\n          <mrow></mrow>\n        </msub>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>&#xD7;</mo>\n    <mn>1</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n  </math></p>\n<p>where<em> &#x2018;Total researchers (FTE)&#x2019; </em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <mi>T</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mfenced separators=\"|\">\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>F</mi>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfenced>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mi>N</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>b</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mo>-</mo>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>i</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mo>+</mo>\n    <mo>[</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mo>&amp;amp;</mo>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>v</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>]</mo>\n  </math></p>",
                "old_state": 10
            },
            "id": 63771902,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771902/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678891/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059489+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Computation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses available population data as denominator.</p>\n<p>The number researchers (in full-time equivalent - FTE) per million inhabitants <em>(RES<sub>Density</sub>)</em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <msub>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n        <mi>S</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </msub>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <msub>\n          <mrow>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>o</mi>\n            <mi>t</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>l</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>a</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>c</mi>\n            <mi>h</mi>\n            <mi>e</mi>\n            <mi>r</mi>\n            <mi>s</mi>\n            <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n            <mo>(</mo>\n            <mi>F</mi>\n            <mi>T</mi>\n            <mi>E</mi>\n            <mo>)</mo>\n          </mrow>\n          <mrow></mrow>\n        </msub>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>&#xD7;</mo>\n    <mn>1</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n    <mo>,</mo>\n    <mn>000</mn>\n  </math></p>\n<p>where<em> &#x2018;Total researchers (FTE)&#x2019; </em> is calculated as:</p>\n<p><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">\n    <mi>T</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mfenced separators=\"|\">\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>F</mi>\n        <mi>T</mi>\n        <mi>E</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfenced>\n    <mo>=</mo>\n    <mi>N</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>b</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>o</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>f</mi>\n    <mi>u</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mi>l</mi>\n    <mo>-</mo>\n    <mi>t</mi>\n    <mi>i</mi>\n    <mi>m</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>a</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>c</mi>\n    <mi>h</mi>\n    <mi>e</mi>\n    <mi>r</mi>\n    <mi>s</mi>\n    <mo>+</mo>\n    <mo>[</mo>\n    <mfrac>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>R</mi>\n        <mo>&amp;amp;</mo>\n        <mi>D</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>p</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n      </mrow>\n      <mrow>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>N</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>b</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>v</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>y</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>w</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>k</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>n</mi>\n        <mi>g</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>o</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>f</mi>\n        <mi>u</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mi>l</mi>\n        <mo>-</mo>\n        <mi>t</mi>\n        <mi>i</mi>\n        <mi>m</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>s</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>a</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n        <mi>c</mi>\n        <mi>h</mi>\n        <mi>e</mi>\n        <mi>r</mi>\n      </mrow>\n    </mfrac>\n    <mo>]</mo>\n  </math></p>",
            "old": "<p>Computation of the indicator Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants uses available population data as denominator.</p>",
            "details": {},
            "id": 63771901,
            "action_name": "Source string changed",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771901/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678888/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059412+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Commentaires et limites:</h2>\n<p> Les données de R&amp;D doivent être recueillies au moyen d’enquêtes coûteuses et non effectuées régulièrement dans de nombreux pays en développement. En outre, les pays (en développement) ne couvrent pas toujours tous les secteurs de la performance. En particulier, le secteur des entreprises n’est pas toujours couvert. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Commentaires et limites:</h2>\n<p> Les données de R&amp;D doivent être recueillies au moyen d’enquêtes coûteuses et non effectuées régulièrement dans de nombreux pays en développement. En outre, les pays (en développement) ne couvrent pas toujours tous les secteurs de la performance. En particulier, le secteur des entreprises n’est pas toujours couvert. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered.</p>",
                "old_state": 10
            },
            "id": 63771900,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771900/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678888/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059335+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Research and experimental development (R&amp;D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered.</p>",
            "old": "<p>R&amp;D data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. In particular the business sector is not always covered.</p>",
            "details": {},
            "id": 63771899,
            "action_name": "Source string changed",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771899/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678885/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059247+02:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2> Justification:</h2>\n<p> L’indicateur est une mesure directe du nombre de travailleurs de la recherche et du développement pour un million de personnes mentionnées dans l’objectif. </p>",
            "old": "<h2> Justification:</h2>\n<p> L’indicateur est une mesure directe du nombre de travailleurs de la recherche et du développement pour un million de personnes mentionnées dans l’objectif. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>The indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) workers per 1 million people referred to in the target.</p>",
                "old_state": 10
            },
            "id": 63771898,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
            "url": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/changes/63771898/?format=api"
        },
        {
            "unit": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/units/29678885/?format=api",
            "component": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/components/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/?format=api",
            "translation": "https://hosted.weblate.org/api/translations/sdg-metadata/9-5-2/fr/?format=api",
            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-08-19T16:52:06.059112+02:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>The indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and experimental development (R&amp;D) workers per 1 million people referred to in the target.</p>",
            "old": "<p>The indicator is a direct measure of the number of research and development workers per 1 million people referred to in the target.</p>",
            "details": {},
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