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            "target": "<h1>Referencias</h1>\n<h2>URL:</h2>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/\">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/\">http://www.birdlife.org/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\">http://www.iucn.org/</a></p>\n<h2>Referencias:</h2>\n<p>Estos metadatos se basan en <a href=\"http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx\">http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx</a>, complementados por <a href=\"http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays%20\">http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays</a> y las referencias que se indican a continuación.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad: una red global para conservar la naturaleza y beneficiar a las personas. Cambridge, Reino Unido: <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA\">BirdLife</a> International. Disponible en http://www.datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019). Base de datos mundial de áreas clave para la biodiversidad. Desarrollada por la Asociación KBA: BirdLife International, Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society y World Wildlife Fund.&#xA0;Versión de septiembre de 2019. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/search\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/search</a>. </p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Prioridades de conservación para las aves y la biodiversidad: ¿representan las Áreas Importantes para las Aves de África Oriental la diversidad de especies de otros grupos de vertebrados terrestres? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Disponible en: <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75\">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75</a></p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016). Objetivo 15: La vida en la tierra. Gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, combatir la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de la tierra, detener la pérdida de biodiversidad. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 en Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. y Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.). Sociedad internacional y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, España. Disponible en: <a href=\"https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456\">https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Biodiversidad global: indicadores de los recientes descensos. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short\">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). La protección de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad contribuye a alcanzar los objetivos de conservación mundiales. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Disponible en <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529\">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Carencias y soluciones para cumplir con los objetivos nacionales y mundiales de áreas de conservación. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full</a></p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Perspectiva mundial sobre la biodiversidad 4. Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, Montr&#xE9;al, Canadá. Disponible en <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a></p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from <a href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor\">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor</a></p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). Lista de áreas protegidas de las Naciones Unidas de 2014. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322\">http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322</a></p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Cuantificación de la insustituibilidad relativa de las áreas importantes para las aves y la biodiversidad. Biología de la conservación 30: 392&#x2013;402. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract</a></p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018). Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad (IBAs): el desarrollo y las características de un inventario global de sitios clave para la biodiversidad. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Directrices para la aplicación de las categorías de gestión de áreas protegidas. Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243</a></p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract</a></p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Disponible en <a href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short\">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short</a></p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) La identificación de sitios de importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad: avances en la aplicación de una norma mundial. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779\">http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779</a></p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Disponible en <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046\">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046</a></p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Prioridades de conservación de la biodiversidad de agua dulce: el enfoque de áreas clave de biodiversidad refinado y probado para el África continental. Conservación biológica 148: 167&#x2013;179. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298</a></p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). Un estándar global para la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad. Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a></p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Disponible en <a href=\"http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf\">http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf</a></p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Disponible en <a href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short\">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short</a></p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. UICN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. UICN, Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055</a></p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). Un análisis global de la eficacia de la gestión de las áreas protegidas. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Disponible en <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1\">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1</a></p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) La expansión de las áreas protegidas a nivel mundial se ve comprometida por el uso proyectado de la tierra y el parroquialismo. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html\">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html</a></p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. y AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Vinculación de los indicadores de eficacia de la gestión con los efectos observados de las áreas protegidas en la aparición de incendios en la selva amazónica. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract</a></p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Conservación biológica 125: 133&#x2013;138. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412</a></p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Localización y prevención de extinciones inminentes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short\">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short</a></p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html\">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html</a></p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progreso hacia los objetivos internacionales de cobertura de áreas protegidas en las montañas: una evaluación a múltiples escalas. Conservación biológica 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454</a></p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). Un análisis a medio plazo del progreso hacia los objetivos internacionales de biodiversidad. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short\">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short</a></p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC (2002). Mountains and Treecover in Mountain Regions 2002. Formulario de presentación de datos geoespaciales: datos digitales rasterizados. Centro Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en: <a href=\"https://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources-and-data/mountains-and-tree-cover-in-mountain-regions\">https://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources-and-data/mountains-and-tree-cover-in-mountain-regions</a>.</p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC (2019). Base de datos mundial sobre áreas protegidas Manual del usuario 1.6. PNUMA-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a></p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). PNUMA-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net\">http://www.protectedplanet.net</a></p>",
            "old": "<h1>Referencias</h1>\n<h2>URL:</h2>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/\">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/\">http://www.birdlife.org/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\">http://www.iucn.org/</a></p>\n<h2>Referencias:</h2>\n<p>Estos metadatos se basan en <a href=\"http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx\">http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx</a>, complementados por <a href=\"http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays%20\">http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays</a> y las referencias que se indican a continuación.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad: una red global para conservar la naturaleza y beneficiar a las personas. Cambridge, Reino Unido: <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA\">BirdLife</a> International. Disponible en http://www.datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019). Base de datos mundial de áreas clave para la biodiversidad. Desarrollada por la Asociación KBA: BirdLife International, Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society y World Wildlife Fund.&#xA0;Versión de septiembre de 2019. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/search\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/search</a>. </p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Prioridades de conservación para las aves y la biodiversidad: ¿representan las Áreas Importantes para las Aves de África Oriental la diversidad de especies de otros grupos de vertebrados terrestres? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Disponible en: <a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75\">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75</a></p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016). Objetivo 15: La vida en la tierra. Gestionar sosteniblemente los bosques, combatir la desertificación, detener e invertir la degradación de la tierra, detener la pérdida de biodiversidad. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 en Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. y Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.). Sociedad internacional y Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, España. Disponible en: <a href=\"https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456\">https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Biodiversidad global: indicadores de los recientes descensos. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short\">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). La protección de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad contribuye a alcanzar los objetivos de conservación mundiales. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Disponible en <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529\">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529</a></p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Carencias y soluciones para cumplir con los objetivos nacionales y mundiales de áreas de conservación. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full</a></p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Perspectiva mundial sobre la biodiversidad 4. Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, Montr&#xE9;al, Canadá. Disponible en <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a></p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from <a href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor\">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor</a></p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). Lista de áreas protegidas de las Naciones Unidas de 2014. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322\">http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322</a></p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Cuantificación de la insustituibilidad relativa de las áreas importantes para las aves y la biodiversidad. Biología de la conservación 30: 392&#x2013;402. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract</a></p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018). Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad (IBAs): el desarrollo y las características de un inventario global de sitios clave para la biodiversidad. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Directrices para la aplicación de las categorías de gestión de áreas protegidas. Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243</a></p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract</a></p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Disponible en <a href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short\">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short</a></p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) La identificación de sitios de importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad: avances en la aplicación de una norma mundial. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779\">http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779</a></p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Disponible en <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046\">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046</a></p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Prioridades de conservación de la biodiversidad de agua dulce: el enfoque de áreas clave de biodiversidad refinado y probado para el África continental. Conservación biológica 148: 167&#x2013;179. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298</a></p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). Un estándar global para la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad. Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a></p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Disponible en <a href=\"http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf\">http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf</a></p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Disponible en <a href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short\">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short</a></p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. UICN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. UICN, Gland, Suiza. Disponible en <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055</a></p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). Un análisis global de la eficacia de la gestión de las áreas protegidas. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Disponible en <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1\">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1</a></p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) La expansión de las áreas protegidas a nivel mundial se ve comprometida por el uso proyectado de la tierra y el parroquialismo. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html\">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html</a></p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. y AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Vinculación de los indicadores de eficacia de la gestión con los efectos observados de las áreas protegidas en la aparición de incendios en la selva amazónica. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Disponible en <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract\">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract</a></p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Conservación biológica 125: 133&#x2013;138. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412</a></p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Localización y prevención de extinciones inminentes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short\">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short</a></p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html\">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html</a></p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progreso hacia los objetivos internacionales de cobertura de áreas protegidas en las montañas: una evaluación a múltiples escalas. Conservación biológica 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454\">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454</a></p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). Un análisis a medio plazo del progreso hacia los objetivos internacionales de biodiversidad. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short\">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short</a></p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC (2002). Mountains and Treecover in Mountain Regions 2002. Formulario de presentación de datos geoespaciales: datos digitales rasterizados. Centro Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en: <a href=\"https://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources-and-data/mountains-and-tree-cover-in-mountain-regions\">https://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources-and-data/mountains-and-tree-cover-in-mountain-regions</a>.</p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC (2019). Base de datos mundial sobre áreas protegidas Manual del usuario 1.6. PNUMA-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a></p>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). PNUMA-WCMC, Cambridge, Reino Unido. Disponible en <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net\">http://www.protectedplanet.net</a></p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/\">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/\">http://www.birdlife.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\">http://www.iucn.org/</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversityareas.org/sites/search.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>\n<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full.</p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>.</p>\n<p>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Decision 14/8 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf.</p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.short.</p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322.</p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract.</p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243.</p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract.</p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Available from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short.</p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Available from </p>\n<p>https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779.</p>\n<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Available from www.gadm.org.</p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046.</p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013;179. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298.</p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259.</p>\n<p>IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019). Recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.</p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Available from http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf.</p>\n<p>KBA Secretariat (2019). Key Biodiversity Areas Proposal Process: Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites. Version 1.0. Prepared by the KBA Secretariat and KBA Committee of the KBA Partnership. Cambridge, UK. Available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. </p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Available from </p>\n<p>http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short.</p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055.</p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-</p>\n<p>9564-5#page-1.</p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html.</p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract.</p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412.</p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Available from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short.</p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html.</p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454.</p>\n<p>SIMKINS, A.T., PEARMAIN, E.J., &amp; DIAS, M.P. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating the protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas. <a href=\"https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap\">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap</a>. </p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://www.protectedplanet.net.</p>",
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            "target": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/\">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/\">http://www.birdlife.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\">http://www.iucn.org/</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversityareas.org/sites/search.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>\n<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full.</p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>.</p>\n<p>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Decision 14/8 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf.</p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.short.</p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322.</p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract.</p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243.</p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract.</p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Available from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short.</p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Available from </p>\n<p>https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779.</p>\n<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Available from www.gadm.org.</p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046.</p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013;179. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298.</p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259.</p>\n<p>IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019). Recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.</p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Available from http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf.</p>\n<p>KBA Secretariat (2019). Key Biodiversity Areas Proposal Process: Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites. Version 1.0. Prepared by the KBA Secretariat and KBA Committee of the KBA Partnership. Cambridge, UK. Available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. </p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Available from </p>\n<p>http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short.</p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055.</p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-</p>\n<p>9564-5#page-1.</p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html.</p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract.</p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412.</p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Available from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short.</p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html.</p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454.</p>\n<p>SIMKINS, A.T., PEARMAIN, E.J., &amp; DIAS, M.P. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating the protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas. <a href=\"https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap\">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap</a>. </p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://www.protectedplanet.net.</p>",
            "old": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p>http://www.unep-wcmc.org/; http://www.birdlife.org/; http://www.iucn.org/</p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>These metadata are based on http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-</p>\n<p>of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx, supplemented by http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays and the references listed below.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas.Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversity areas.org/site/search.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>\n<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full.</p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>.</p>\n<p>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Decision 14/8 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf.</p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.short.</p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322.</p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract.</p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243.</p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract.</p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Available from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short.</p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779.</p>\n<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Available from www.gadm.org.</p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046.</p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013;179. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298.</p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259.</p>\n<p>IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019). Recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.</p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Available from http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf.</p>\n<p>KBA Secretariat (2019). Key Biodiversity Areas Proposal Process: Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites. Version 1.0. Prepared by the KBA Secretariat and KBA Committee of the KBA Partnership. Cambridge, UK. Available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. </p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Available from </p>\n<p>http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short.</p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055.</p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-</p>\n<p>9564-5#page-1.</p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html.</p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract.</p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412.</p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Available from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short.</p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html.</p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454.</p>\n<p>SIMKINS, A.T., PEARMAIN, E.J., &amp; DIAS, M.P. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating the protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas. <a href=\"https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap\">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap</a>. </p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://www.protectedplanet.net.</p>",
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            "old": "<h2>Fuentes de discrepancia:</h2>\n<p>Los procesos nacionales proporcionan la mayor parte de los datos que posteriormente se agregan a la Base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas y a la Base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad, por lo que hay muy pocas diferencias entre los indicadores nacionales y el global. Una fuente menor de diferencias es que la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas incorpora áreas protegidas designadas internacionalmente (por ejemplo, sitios del Patrimonio Mundial, sitios Ramsar, etc.), algunas de las cuales no son consideradas por sus naciones soberanas como áreas protegidas. </p>\n<p>Obsérvese que, dado que los países no presentan datos exhaustivos sobre las áreas protegidas desclasificadas a la WDPA, los valores anteriores del indicador pueden subestimar marginalmente la cobertura. Además, también hay un desfase entre el momento en que se designa un área protegida sobre el terreno y el momento en que se comunica a la WDPA. Por ello, la cobertura actual o reciente también puede estar subestimada.</p>",
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            "old": "<p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</strong></p>\n<p>National processes provide the data that are incorporated into the World Database on Protected Areas, the World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures, and the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas, so there are very few discrepancies between national indicators and the global one. One minor source of difference is that the World Database on Protected Areas incorporates internationally-designated protected areas (e.g., UNESCO World Heritage sites, Ramsar sites, etc), a few of which are not considered by their sovereign nations to be protected areas. </p>\n<p>Note that because countries do not submit comprehensive data on degazetted protected areas to the WDPA, earlier values of the indictor may marginally underestimate coverage. Furthermore, there is also a lag between the point at which a protected area is designated on the ground and the point at which it is reported to the WDPA. As such, current or recent coverage may also be underestimated.</p>",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2>Garantía de calidad:</h2>\n<p>El proceso de recolección, normalización y publicación de los datos está disponible en el Manual del usuario de la APD en <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> que está disponible en inglés, francés y español. En <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> se ofrecen orientaciones específicas sobre, por ejemplo, los campos predefinidos o las tablas de búsqueda en la WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, cómo se codifican los registros de la WDPA, cómo se recolectan los datos de las designaciones internacionales y las designaciones regionales, con qué regularidad se actualiza la base de datos y cómo se realizan las estadísticas de cobertura de áreas protegidas. </p>\n<p>El proceso de identificación de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad cuenta con el apoyo de la Asociación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners</a>). Entre las funciones de la asociación se encuentra el establecimiento de la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad, que comprueba la información presentada en la fase de nominación del sitio para la correcta aplicación de la Norma de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>), y la adecuación de la documentación del sitio y luego verifica el sitio, que se publica en el sitio web de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved</a>). Además, los presidentes de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies y de la Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas de la UICN (ambos elegidos por los miembros de la UICN, que son gobiernos y organizaciones no gubernamentales), nombran al presidente de un Comité de Normas y Apelaciones de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad independiente, que garantiza la correcta aplicación de la Norma Mundial para la identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. El código R para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad está documentado como Dias, M. (2017) &#x201C;Código R para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas de las ACB&#x201D; (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf</a>)</p>\n<p>Además de la difusión a través del sitio web de Planeta Protegido (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/</a>), el proceso de la Lista de las Naciones Unidas descrito en el punto 3.1 el hecho de que los datos de las áreas protegidas se recogen de los organismos nacionales reconocidos en los metadatos de la WDPA, y el sitio web de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>), los datos de Planeta Protegido y Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad se difunden a través de la Herramienta Integrada de Evaluación de la Biodiversidad, disponible para la investigación y la conservación en línea (<a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/\">https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/</a>). Esta herramienta incorpora los documentos de los Perfiles de País de todos los países del mundo que incluyen la documentación del indicador de cobertura de áreas protegidas de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. Cada actualización anual de estos Perfiles de País se envía para su consulta a los Puntos Focales Nacionales del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), a los Representantes de los ODS de las Oficinas Nacionales de Estadística y a los representantes de las Misiones Permanentes de la ONU (Ginebra).</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Garantía de calidad:</h2>\n<p>El proceso de recolección, normalización y publicación de los datos está disponible en el Manual del usuario de la APD en <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> que está disponible en inglés, francés y español. En <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> se ofrecen orientaciones específicas sobre, por ejemplo, los campos predefinidos o las tablas de búsqueda en la WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, cómo se codifican los registros de la WDPA, cómo se recolectan los datos de las designaciones internacionales y las designaciones regionales, con qué regularidad se actualiza la base de datos y cómo se realizan las estadísticas de cobertura de áreas protegidas. </p>\n<p>El proceso de identificación de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad cuenta con el apoyo de la Asociación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners</a>). Entre las funciones de la asociación se encuentra el establecimiento de la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad, que comprueba la información presentada en la fase de nominación del sitio para la correcta aplicación de la Norma de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>), y la adecuación de la documentación del sitio y luego verifica el sitio, que se publica en el sitio web de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved</a>). Además, los presidentes de la Comisión de Supervivencia de Especies y de la Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas de la UICN (ambos elegidos por los miembros de la UICN, que son gobiernos y organizaciones no gubernamentales), nombran al presidente de un Comité de Normas y Apelaciones de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad independiente, que garantiza la correcta aplicación de la Norma Mundial para la identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. El código R para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad está documentado como Dias, M. (2017) &#x201C;Código R para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas de las ACB&#x201D; (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf</a>)</p>\n<p>Además de la difusión a través del sitio web de Planeta Protegido (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/</a>), el proceso de la Lista de las Naciones Unidas descrito en el punto 3.1 el hecho de que los datos de las áreas protegidas se recogen de los organismos nacionales reconocidos en los metadatos de la WDPA, y el sitio web de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>), los datos de Planeta Protegido y Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad se difunden a través de la Herramienta Integrada de Evaluación de la Biodiversidad, disponible para la investigación y la conservación en línea (<a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/\">https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/</a>). Esta herramienta incorpora los documentos de los Perfiles de País de todos los países del mundo que incluyen la documentación del indicador de cobertura de áreas protegidas de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. Cada actualización anual de estos Perfiles de País se envía para su consulta a los Puntos Focales Nacionales del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), a los Representantes de los ODS de las Oficinas Nacionales de Estadística y a los representantes de las Misiones Permanentes de la ONU (Ginebra).</p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>\n<p>Data quality in the process of identifying KBAs is ensured through processes established by the <a href=\"https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/programme/partnership\">KBA Partnership</a> and KBA Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBA Secretariat. </p>\n<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBA, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>\n<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of KBAs by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>",
                "old_state": 10
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.743043+01:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>\n<p>Data quality in the process of identifying KBAs is ensured through processes established by the <a href=\"https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/programme/partnership\">KBA Partnership</a> and KBA Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBA Secretariat. </p>\n<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBA, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>\n<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of KBAs by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>",
            "old": "<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>\n<p>Data quality in the process of identifying Key Biodiversity Areas is ensured through processes established by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners</a>) and Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat. </p>\n<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent Key Biodiversity Areas Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>\n<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>",
            "details": {},
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            "user": null,
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            "action": 59,
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>For protected areas and OECMs, please see the section on validation. Ensuring the WDPA and WDOECM remain an accurate and true depiction of reality is a never-ending task; however, over time the quality of the data (e.g. the proportion of sites with defined boundaries) is increasing.</p>\n<p>For KBAs, see above and below, plus the guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs which is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBAs Secretariat. Furthermore, an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBAs, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>",
                "old_state": 0
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            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.742760+01:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2>Métodos y directrices a disposición de los países para la compilación de los datos a nivel nacional:</h2>\n<p>La WDPA tiene su origen en un mandato de la ONU de 1959, cuando el Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas pidió una lista de parques nacionales y reservas equivalentes Resolución 713 (XXVIII). Puede consultar más detalles aquí: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a>. </p>\n<p>La Lista de Áreas Protegidas de la ONU se ha publicado en 1961/62, 1966/71, 1972 (adición a la edición de 1966/71), 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2014 y 2018, lo que ha dado lugar a una red mundial de proveedores de datos nacionales para la WDPA. Por ejemplo, en 2014 todos los puntos focales nacionales del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) y todos los puntos focales nacionales del Programa de Trabajo de Áreas Protegidas del CDB (PoWPA) para solicitar datos para la Lista Un de Áreas Protegidas de 2014 (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014</a>). Por lo tanto, los datos de las áreas protegidas se compilan directamente de los organismos gubernamentales, los centros regionales y otras fuentes autorizadas en ausencia de una fuente gubernamental. Todos los registros tienen un identificador de metadatos único (MetadataID) que vincula la base de datos espacial con la tabla de fuentes donde se describen todas las fuentes. Los datos se cotejan y normalizan siguiendo las Normas de Datos de la APD y se validan con la fuente. El proceso de cotejo, validación y publicación de los datos, así como los protocolos y las normas de datos de la WDPA, se actualizan periódicamente en el Manual del usuario de la WDPA (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>), que se pone a disposición a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net\">www.protectedplanet.net</a>, donde también se publican todos los datos espaciales y la tabla de fuentes cada mes y se pueden descargar. </p>\n<p>El proceso de compilación de datos sobre los lugares que contribuyen significativamente a la persistencia global de la biodiversidad (Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad) está documentado en línea (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>). En concreto, (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/what-are-kbas\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/what-are-kbas</a>), el proceso de identificación de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad es un ejercicio altamente inclusivo, consultivo y ascendente. Aunque cualquiera que disponga de los datos científicos adecuados puede proponer un lugar para que sea calificado como Área Clave para la Biodiversidad, se requiere una amplia consulta con las partes interesadas a nivel nacional (tanto organizaciones no gubernamentales como gubernamentales) durante el proceso de propuesta. La identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se basa en la red existente de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad, incluidas las identificadas como Áreas Importantes para la Biodiversidad y las Aves a través de la Asociación BirdLife de 120 organizaciones nacionales <a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners\">http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners</a>), para la Alianza para la Extinción Cero por 93 organizaciones nacionales e internacionales (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), y como otras Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad por organizaciones de la sociedad civil apoyadas por el Fondo de la Alianza para los Ecosistemas Críticos en el desarrollo de perfiles de ecosistemas, nombrados en cada uno de los perfiles aquí enumerados (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx\">http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx</a>), con nuevos datos que refuerzan y amplían la red de estos lugares. Cualquier propuesta de sitio se somete a una revisión científica independiente. A continuación, se procede a la designación oficial del lugar con una documentación completa que cumple las Normas de Documentación para Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. Los lugares confirmados por la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad como Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad aparecen entonces en el sitio web de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</p>\n<p>El Manual del usuario de la WDPA (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>), publicado en inglés, español y francés, ofrece orientación a los países sobre cómo presentar los datos de las áreas protegidas a la WDPA, cuáles son los beneficios de proporcionar dichos datos, cuáles son las normas de los datos y qué controles de calidad se realizan. También ofrecemos un resumen de nuestros métodos para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas a todos los usuarios de la WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/calculating-protected-area-coverage\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/calculating-protected-area-coverage</a>. El &#x201C;Estándar global para la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprende las recomendaciones estándar disponibles para los países en la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad, con más directrices disponibles en el sitio web de áreas clave para la biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>). En concreto, (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved</a>), los principales pasos del proceso de identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad son los siguientes </p>\n<p>i) presentación de Expresiones de Intención para identificar un Área Clave de Biodiversidad a los Puntos Focales Regionales; </p>\n<p>ii) proceso de elaboración de propuestas, en el que los proponentes compilan los datos y la documentación pertinentes y consultan a expertos nacionales, incluidas las organizaciones que ya han identificado Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad en el país, ya sea a través de los Grupos de Coordinación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad nacionales o de forma independiente; </p>\n<p>iii) la revisión de las Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad propuestas por parte de Revisores Expertos Independientes, verificando la exactitud de la información dentro de su área de experiencia; y </p>\n<p>iv) una fase de Nominación de Sitios que comprende la presentación de toda la documentación pertinente para su verificación por parte de la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (véase la sección 3.3 más adelante). </p>\n<p>Una vez identificada un Área Clave para la Biodiversidad, es importante el seguimiento de sus características cualificadas y su estado de conservación. Los proponentes, revisores y quienes realicen el seguimiento pueden unirse a la Comunidad de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad para intercambiar sus experiencias, estudios de caso y ejemplos de mejores prácticas.</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Métodos y directrices a disposición de los países para la compilación de los datos a nivel nacional:</h2>\n<p>La WDPA tiene su origen en un mandato de la ONU de 1959, cuando el Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas pidió una lista de parques nacionales y reservas equivalentes Resolución 713 (XXVIII). Puede consultar más detalles aquí: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a>. </p>\n<p>La Lista de Áreas Protegidas de la ONU se ha publicado en 1961/62, 1966/71, 1972 (adición a la edición de 1966/71), 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2014 y 2018, lo que ha dado lugar a una red mundial de proveedores de datos nacionales para la WDPA. Por ejemplo, en 2014 todos los puntos focales nacionales del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB) y todos los puntos focales nacionales del Programa de Trabajo de Áreas Protegidas del CDB (PoWPA) para solicitar datos para la Lista Un de Áreas Protegidas de 2014 (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014</a>). Por lo tanto, los datos de las áreas protegidas se compilan directamente de los organismos gubernamentales, los centros regionales y otras fuentes autorizadas en ausencia de una fuente gubernamental. Todos los registros tienen un identificador de metadatos único (MetadataID) que vincula la base de datos espacial con la tabla de fuentes donde se describen todas las fuentes. Los datos se cotejan y normalizan siguiendo las Normas de Datos de la APD y se validan con la fuente. El proceso de cotejo, validación y publicación de los datos, así como los protocolos y las normas de datos de la WDPA, se actualizan periódicamente en el Manual del usuario de la WDPA (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>), que se pone a disposición a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net\">www.protectedplanet.net</a>, donde también se publican todos los datos espaciales y la tabla de fuentes cada mes y se pueden descargar. </p>\n<p>El proceso de compilación de datos sobre los lugares que contribuyen significativamente a la persistencia global de la biodiversidad (Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad) está documentado en línea (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>). En concreto, (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/what-are-kbas\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/what-are-kbas</a>), el proceso de identificación de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad es un ejercicio altamente inclusivo, consultivo y ascendente. Aunque cualquiera que disponga de los datos científicos adecuados puede proponer un lugar para que sea calificado como Área Clave para la Biodiversidad, se requiere una amplia consulta con las partes interesadas a nivel nacional (tanto organizaciones no gubernamentales como gubernamentales) durante el proceso de propuesta. La identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se basa en la red existente de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad, incluidas las identificadas como Áreas Importantes para la Biodiversidad y las Aves a través de la Asociación BirdLife de 120 organizaciones nacionales <a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners\">http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners</a>), para la Alianza para la Extinción Cero por 93 organizaciones nacionales e internacionales (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), y como otras Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad por organizaciones de la sociedad civil apoyadas por el Fondo de la Alianza para los Ecosistemas Críticos en el desarrollo de perfiles de ecosistemas, nombrados en cada uno de los perfiles aquí enumerados (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx\">http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx</a>), con nuevos datos que refuerzan y amplían la red de estos lugares. Cualquier propuesta de sitio se somete a una revisión científica independiente. A continuación, se procede a la designación oficial del lugar con una documentación completa que cumple las Normas de Documentación para Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad. Los lugares confirmados por la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad como Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad aparecen entonces en el sitio web de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</p>\n<p>El Manual del usuario de la WDPA (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>), publicado en inglés, español y francés, ofrece orientación a los países sobre cómo presentar los datos de las áreas protegidas a la WDPA, cuáles son los beneficios de proporcionar dichos datos, cuáles son las normas de los datos y qué controles de calidad se realizan. También ofrecemos un resumen de nuestros métodos para calcular la cobertura de áreas protegidas a todos los usuarios de la WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/calculating-protected-area-coverage\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/calculating-protected-area-coverage</a>. El &#x201C;Estándar global para la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprende las recomendaciones estándar disponibles para los países en la identificación de áreas clave para la biodiversidad, con más directrices disponibles en el sitio web de áreas clave para la biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>). En concreto, (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved</a>), los principales pasos del proceso de identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad son los siguientes </p>\n<p>i) presentación de Expresiones de Intención para identificar un Área Clave de Biodiversidad a los Puntos Focales Regionales; </p>\n<p>ii) proceso de elaboración de propuestas, en el que los proponentes compilan los datos y la documentación pertinentes y consultan a expertos nacionales, incluidas las organizaciones que ya han identificado Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad en el país, ya sea a través de los Grupos de Coordinación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad nacionales o de forma independiente; </p>\n<p>iii) la revisión de las Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad propuestas por parte de Revisores Expertos Independientes, verificando la exactitud de la información dentro de su área de experiencia; y </p>\n<p>iv) una fase de Nominación de Sitios que comprende la presentación de toda la documentación pertinente para su verificación por parte de la Secretaría de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (véase la sección 3.3 más adelante). </p>\n<p>Una vez identificada un Área Clave para la Biodiversidad, es importante el seguimiento de sus características cualificadas y su estado de conservación. Los proponentes, revisores y quienes realicen el seguimiento pueden unirse a la Comunidad de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad para intercambiar sus experiencias, estudios de caso y ejemplos de mejores prácticas.</p>",
            "details": {
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                "source": "<p><strong><em>PAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are submitted by government agencies to the WDPA and disseminated through Protected Planet. The WDPA has its origins in a 1959 UN mandate when the United Nations Economic and Social Council called for a list of national parks and equivalent reserves Resolution 713 (XXVIII). </p>\n<p>Protected areas data are therefore compiled directly from government agencies, regional hubs and other authoritative sources in the absence of a government source. All records have a unique metadata identifier (MetadataID) which links the spatial database to the Source table where all sources are described. The data is collated and standardised following the WDPA Data Standards and validated with the source. The process of collation, validation and publication of data as well as protocols and the WDPA data standards are regularly updated in the WDPA User Manual (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>) made available through www.protectedplanet.net where all spatial data and the Source table are also published every month and can be downloaded. The WDPA User Manual (published in English, Spanish, and French) provides guidance to countries on how to submit protected areas data to the WDPA, the benefits of providing such data, and the data standards and quality checks that are performed. </p>\n<p><strong><em>OECMS</em></strong></p>\n<p>Guiding principles, common characteristics and criteria for identification of OECMs are available in CBD (2018) at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>Guidance on recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures is available in IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019) at: <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><em>KBAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>The &#x201C;Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprises the standard recommendations available to countries in the identification of KBAs. Guidelines for using A global standard for the identification of KBAs are available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/49131.</p>\n<p>Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>A summary of the process by which KBAs are identified is available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive, consultative and nationally driven. Anyone with appropriate data may propose a site as a KBA, although consultation with relevant stakeholders at the local and national level is required when identifying the site and needs to be documented in the proposal. In order to propose a site as a KBA, a proposer must apply the KBA criteria to data on biodiversity elements (species and ecosystems) at the site. Associated with the proposal process is the need to delineate the site accurately so that its boundaries are clear. Although anyone with appropriate scientific data may propose a site to qualify as a KBA, wide consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organizations) is required during the proposal process. The formal proposal is then made using a proposal process that ensures there is an independent review of the proposal before a site is incorporated in the WDKBA. This is important given that KBA status of a site may lead to changes in actions of governments, private sector companies and other institutions following consultation as appropriate. </p>\n<p>KBA identification builds off the existing network of KBAs, including those identified as (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas through the BirdLife Partnership of over 115 national organisations (https://www.birdlife.org/who-we-are/), (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites by 93 national and international organisations in the Alliance (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), and (c) other KBAs by civil society organisations supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund in developing ecosystem profiles, named in each of the profiles listed here (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net\">http://www.cepf.net</a> ), with new data strengthening and expanding expand the network of these sites.</p>\n<p>The main steps of the KBA identification process are the following: </p>\n<ol>\n  <li>submission of Expressions of Intent to identify a KBA to Regional Focal Points; </li>\n  <li>Proposal Development process, in which proposers compile relevant data and documentation and consult national experts, including organizations that have already identified KBAs in the country, either through national KBA Coordination Groups or independently;</li>\n  <li>review of proposed KBAs by Independent Expert Reviewers, verifying the accuracy of information within their area of expertise; and</li>\n  <li>a Site Nomination phase comprising the submission of all the relevant documentation for verification by the KBAs Secretariat. Sites confirmed by the KBAs Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBAs website (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Once a KBA is identified, monitoring of its qualifying features and its conservation status is important. Proposers, reviewers and those undertaking monitoring can join the KBAs Community to exchange their experiences, case studies and best practice examples.</p>\n<p>The R code for calculating protected area coverage of KBAs is documented in Simkins et al. (2020). </p>",
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p><strong><em>PAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are submitted by government agencies to the WDPA and disseminated through Protected Planet. The WDPA has its origins in a 1959 UN mandate when the United Nations Economic and Social Council called for a list of national parks and equivalent reserves Resolution 713 (XXVIII). </p>\n<p>Protected areas data are therefore compiled directly from government agencies, regional hubs and other authoritative sources in the absence of a government source. All records have a unique metadata identifier (MetadataID) which links the spatial database to the Source table where all sources are described. The data is collated and standardised following the WDPA Data Standards and validated with the source. The process of collation, validation and publication of data as well as protocols and the WDPA data standards are regularly updated in the WDPA User Manual (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>) made available through www.protectedplanet.net where all spatial data and the Source table are also published every month and can be downloaded. The WDPA User Manual (published in English, Spanish, and French) provides guidance to countries on how to submit protected areas data to the WDPA, the benefits of providing such data, and the data standards and quality checks that are performed. </p>\n<p><strong><em>OECMS</em></strong></p>\n<p>Guiding principles, common characteristics and criteria for identification of OECMs are available in CBD (2018) at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>Guidance on recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures is available in IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019) at: <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><em>KBAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>The &#x201C;Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprises the standard recommendations available to countries in the identification of KBAs. Guidelines for using A global standard for the identification of KBAs are available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/49131.</p>\n<p>Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>A summary of the process by which KBAs are identified is available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive, consultative and nationally driven. Anyone with appropriate data may propose a site as a KBA, although consultation with relevant stakeholders at the local and national level is required when identifying the site and needs to be documented in the proposal. In order to propose a site as a KBA, a proposer must apply the KBA criteria to data on biodiversity elements (species and ecosystems) at the site. Associated with the proposal process is the need to delineate the site accurately so that its boundaries are clear. Although anyone with appropriate scientific data may propose a site to qualify as a KBA, wide consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organizations) is required during the proposal process. The formal proposal is then made using a proposal process that ensures there is an independent review of the proposal before a site is incorporated in the WDKBA. This is important given that KBA status of a site may lead to changes in actions of governments, private sector companies and other institutions following consultation as appropriate. </p>\n<p>KBA identification builds off the existing network of KBAs, including those identified as (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas through the BirdLife Partnership of over 115 national organisations (https://www.birdlife.org/who-we-are/), (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites by 93 national and international organisations in the Alliance (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), and (c) other KBAs by civil society organisations supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund in developing ecosystem profiles, named in each of the profiles listed here (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net\">http://www.cepf.net</a> ), with new data strengthening and expanding expand the network of these sites.</p>\n<p>The main steps of the KBA identification process are the following: </p>\n<ol>\n  <li>submission of Expressions of Intent to identify a KBA to Regional Focal Points; </li>\n  <li>Proposal Development process, in which proposers compile relevant data and documentation and consult national experts, including organizations that have already identified KBAs in the country, either through national KBA Coordination Groups or independently;</li>\n  <li>review of proposed KBAs by Independent Expert Reviewers, verifying the accuracy of information within their area of expertise; and</li>\n  <li>a Site Nomination phase comprising the submission of all the relevant documentation for verification by the KBAs Secretariat. Sites confirmed by the KBAs Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBAs website (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Once a KBA is identified, monitoring of its qualifying features and its conservation status is important. Proposers, reviewers and those undertaking monitoring can join the KBAs Community to exchange their experiences, case studies and best practice examples.</p>\n<p>The R code for calculating protected area coverage of KBAs is documented in Simkins et al. (2020). </p>",
            "old": "<p><strong><em>Protected areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are submitted by government agencies to the World Database on Protected Areas and disseminated through Protected Planet. The WDPA has its origins in a 1959 UN mandate when the United Nations Economic and Social Council called for a list of national parks and equivalent reserves Resolution 713 (XXVIII). More details are available here: https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas. The UN List of Protected Areas has been published in 1961/62, 1966/71, 1972 (addendum to the 1966/71 edition), 1973, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2014 and 2018 which have resulted in a global network of national data providers for the WDPA. For example, in 2014 all Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) National Focal points and all National Focal points for the CBD Protected Areas Programme of Work (PoWPA) to request data for the 2014 Un List of Protected Areas (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas/united-nations-list-of-protected-areas-2014</a>). Protected areas data are therefore compiled directly from government agencies, regional hubs and other authoritative sources in the absence of a government source. All records have a unique metadata identifier (MetadataID) which links the spatial database to the Source table where all sources are described. The data is collated and standardised following the WDPA Data Standards and validated with the source. The process of collation, validation and publication of data as well as protocols and the WDPA data standards are regularly updated in the WDPA User Manual (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>) made available through www.protectedplanet.net where all spatial data and the Source table are also published every month and can be downloaded. The WDPA User Manual (published in English, Spanish, and French) provides guidance to countries on how to submit protected areas data to the WDPA, the benefits of providing such data, and the data standards and quality checks that are performed. </p>\n<p><em>Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures</em></p>\n<p>Guiding principles, common characteristics and criteria for identification of OECMs are available in CBD (2018) at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>Guidance on recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures is available in IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019) at: <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Key Biodiversity Areas</em></p>\n<p>The &#x201C;Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprises the standard recommendations available to countries in the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. Guidelines for using A global standard for the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas are available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/49131.</p>\n<p>Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>A summary of the process by which Key Biodiversity Areas are identified is available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive, consultative and nationally driven. Anyone with appropriate data may propose a site as a KBA, although consultation with relevant stakeholders at the local and national level is required when identifying the site and needs to be documented in the proposal. In order to propose a site as a KBA, a proposer must apply the KBA criteria to data on biodiversity elements (species and ecosystems) at the site. Associated with the proposal process is the need to delineate the site accurately so that its boundaries are clear. Although anyone with appropriate scientific data may propose a site to qualify as a Key Biodiversity Area, wide consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organizations) is required during the proposal process. The formal proposal is then made using a proposal process that ensures there is an independent review of the proposal before a site is incorporated in the World Database of KBAs. This is important given that KBA status of a site may lead to changes in actions of governments, private sector companies and other institutions following consultation as appropriate. </p>\n<p>Key Biodiversity Area identification builds off the existing network of Key Biodiversity Areas, including those identified as (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas through the BirdLife Partnership of 120 national organisations (<a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners\">http://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/partnership/birdlife-partners</a>), (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites by 93 national and international organisations in the Alliance (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), and (c) other Key Biodiversity Areas by civil society organisations supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund in developing ecosystem profiles, named in each of the profiles listed here (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx\">http://www.cepf.net/resources/publications/Pages/ecosystem_profiles.aspx</a>), with new data strengthening and expanding expand the network of these sites.</p>\n<p>The main steps of the Key Biodiversity Area identification process are the following: </p>\n<ol>\n  <li>submission of Expressions of Intent to identify a Key Biodiversity Area to Regional Focal Points; </li>\n  <li>Proposal Development process, in which proposers compile relevant data and documentation and consult national experts, including organizations that have already identified Key Biodiversity Areas in the country, either through national Key Biodiversity Area Coordination Groups or independently;</li>\n  <li>review of proposed Key Biodiversity Areas by Independent Expert Reviewers, verifying the accuracy of information within their area of expertise; and</li>\n  <li>a Site Nomination phase comprising the submission of all the relevant documentation for verification by the Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat. Sites confirmed by the Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat to qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas are then published on the Key Biodiversity Areas website (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Once a Key Biodiversity Area is identified, monitoring of its qualifying features and its conservation status is important. Proposers, reviewers and those undertaking monitoring can join the Key Biodiversity Areas Community to exchange their experiences, case studies and best practice examples.</p>\n<p>The R code for calculating protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas is documented in Simkins et al. (2020). </p>",
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            "target": "<h2>Agregados regionales:</h2>\n<p>El PNUMA-WCMC es el organismo encargado de calcular y comunicar las cifras mundiales y regionales de este indicador, y colabora con BirdLife International y la UICN para combinar los datos de las áreas protegidas con los de los lugares de importancia para la biodiversidad. El PNUMA-WCMC agrega las cifras mundiales y regionales sobre áreas protegidas a partir de las cifras nacionales que se calculan a partir de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y se difunden a través de Protected Planet. La Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y Protected Planet son gestionados conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas. La Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas se mantiene dentro de un Sistema de Información Geográfica que almacena información sobre las áreas protegidas, como su nombre, tamaño, tipo, fecha de establecimiento, ubicación geográfica (punto) y/o límites (polígono). La cobertura de áreas protegidas se calcula utilizando todas las áreas protegidas registradas en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas cuya ubicación y extensión se conocen, aparte de las áreas protegidas sin límites digitales y los sitios que tienen un estado de &#x2018;propuesto&#x2019; o &#x2018;no informado&#x2019;.</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Agregados regionales:</h2>\n<p>El PNUMA-WCMC es el organismo encargado de calcular y comunicar las cifras mundiales y regionales de este indicador, y colabora con BirdLife International y la UICN para combinar los datos de las áreas protegidas con los de los lugares de importancia para la biodiversidad. El PNUMA-WCMC agrega las cifras mundiales y regionales sobre áreas protegidas a partir de las cifras nacionales que se calculan a partir de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y se difunden a través de Protected Planet. La Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y Protected Planet son gestionados conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas. La Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas se mantiene dentro de un Sistema de Información Geográfica que almacena información sobre las áreas protegidas, como su nombre, tamaño, tipo, fecha de establecimiento, ubicación geográfica (punto) y/o límites (polígono). La cobertura de áreas protegidas se calcula utilizando todas las áreas protegidas registradas en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas cuya ubicación y extensión se conocen, aparte de las áreas protegidas sin límites digitales y los sitios que tienen un estado de &#x2018;propuesto&#x2019; o &#x2018;no informado&#x2019;.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Regional indices are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA in the region covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or OECMs: in other words, the percentage of each KBA covered by these designations, averaged over all KBAs in the particular region.</p>",
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            "target": "<p>Regional indices are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA in the region covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or OECMs: in other words, the percentage of each KBA covered by these designations, averaged over all KBAs in the particular region.</p>",
            "old": "<p>Regional indices are calculated as the mean percentage of each Key Biodiversity Area in the region covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: in other words, the percentage of each Key Biodiversity Area covered by these designations, averaged over all Key Biodiversity Areas in the particular region.</p>",
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            "target": "<h2>Tratamiento de valores faltantes:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong>A nivel de país: </strong> </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Se dispone de datos para las áreas protegidas y las áreas clave para la biodiversidad en todos los países del mundo, por lo que no es necesario imputar o estimar los datos a nivel nacional.</p>\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>A nivel regional y mundial:</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Los indicadores globales de cobertura de áreas protegidas de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad se calculan como el porcentaje medio de cada Área Clave de Biodiversidad que está cubierta por áreas protegidas. Los datos se generan a partir de todos los países, por lo que, aunque existe incertidumbre en torno a los datos, no hay valores perdidos como tales y, por tanto, no es necesario imputarlos o estimarlos.</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Tratamiento de valores faltantes:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li> <strong>A nivel de país: </strong> </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Se dispone de datos para las áreas protegidas y las áreas clave para la biodiversidad en todos los países del mundo, por lo que no es necesario imputar o estimar los datos a nivel nacional.</p>\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>A nivel regional y mundial:</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Los indicadores globales de cobertura de áreas protegidas de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad se calculan como el porcentaje medio de cada Área Clave de Biodiversidad que está cubierta por áreas protegidas. Los datos se generan a partir de todos los países, por lo que, aunque existe incertidumbre en torno a los datos, no hay valores perdidos como tales y, por tanto, no es necesario imputarlos o estimarlos.</p>",
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                "source": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p>Data are available for protected areas and KBAs in all of the world&#x2019;s countries, and so no imputation or estimation of national level data is necessary.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Global indicators of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA that is covered by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. The data are generated from all countries, and so while there is uncertainty around the data, there are no missing values as such and so no need for imputation or estimation.</p>",
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            "target": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p>Data are available for protected areas and KBAs in all of the world&#x2019;s countries, and so no imputation or estimation of national level data is necessary.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Global indicators of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA that is covered by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. The data are generated from all countries, and so while there is uncertainty around the data, there are no missing values as such and so no need for imputation or estimation.</p>",
            "old": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p>Data are available for protected areas and Key Biodiversity Areas in all of the world&#x2019;s countries, and so no imputation or estimation of national level data is necessary.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Global indicators of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity are calculated as the mean percentage of each Key Biodiversity Area that is covered by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. The data are generated from all countries, and so while there is uncertainty around the data, there are no missing values as such and so no need for imputation or estimation.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Protected Areas and OECMs are validated through dialogue with the governing authority, who signs a data contributor agreement that these sites are, to the best of their knowledge, an accurate depiction of the sites in question. Over time the data for sites may improve or other aspects of the sites may change, as and when this occurs a further data sharing agreement is required by the site&#x2019;s governing authority.</p>\n<p>Proposed KBAs undergo detailed checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominated KBAs by the KBAs Secretariat. For further information, see the Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>When the indicators of protected area coverage of KBAs are updated each year, the updated indicators (and underlying numbers of protected areas, OECMs, and KBAs) are made available for review by countries prior to submission to the SDG Indicators Database. This is achieved through updating the country profiles in the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and circulating these for consultation and review to CBD National Focal Points, SDG National Statistical Office Focal Points, and IUCN State Members.</p>\n<p>When the indicators of protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas are updated each year, the updated indicators (and underlying numbers of protected areas, Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures, and Key Biodiversity Areas) are made available for review by countries prior to submission to the SDG Indicators Database. This is achieved through updating the country profiles in the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and circulating these for consultation and review to CBD National Focal Points, SDG National Statistical Office Focal Points, and IUCN State Members.</p>",
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            "target": "<h2>Comentarios y limitaciones:</h2>\n<p>Se aplican criterios de control de calidad para garantizar la coherencia y la comparabilidad de los datos de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas. Los nuevos datos se validan en el PNUMA-WCMC mediante una serie de herramientas y se traducen a la estructura de datos estándar de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas. Las discrepancias entre los datos de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y los nuevos datos se minimizan mediante un manual (PNUMA-WCMC 2019) y se resuelven en comunicación con los proveedores de datos. Se aplican procesos similares para la incorporación de datos en la <em>Base de datos mundial de áreas clave para la biodiversidad</em> (BirdLife International 2019).</p>\n<p>El indicador no mide la eficacia de las áreas protegidas en la reducción de la pérdida de biodiversidad, que en última instancia depende de una serie de factores de gestión y aplicación que no están cubiertos por el indicador. Se están llevando a cabo varias iniciativas para abordar esta limitación. En particular, se han desarrollado numerosos mecanismos para evaluar la gestión de las áreas protegidas, que pueden sintetizarse en un indicador (Leverington et al. 2010). La Asociación de Indicadores de Biodiversidad lo utiliza como indicador complementario del progreso hacia la Meta 11 de Aichi para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement\">http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement</a>). Sin embargo, puede haber poca relación entre estas medidas y los resultados de las áreas protegidas (Nolte y Agrawal 2013). Más recientemente, se han empezado a desarrollar enfoques de &#x201C;listas verdes&#x201D; para incorporar tanto la eficacia de la gestión como los resultados de las áreas protegidas, y es probable que adquieran una importancia progresiva a medida que se prueben y se apliquen más ampliamente.</p>\n<p>Pueden surgir brechas de datos y conocimientos debido a las dificultades para determinar si un lugar se ajusta a la definición de área protegida de la UICN, y a algunas áreas protegidas no se les asignan categorías de gestión. Además, &#x201C;otras medidas efectivas de conservación basadas en áreas&#x201D;, como se especifica en la Meta de Aichi para la Biodiversidad </p>\n<p>11 del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011&#x2013;2020, reconocen que algunos lugares más allá de la red formal de áreas protegidas, si bien no se gestionan principalmente para la conservación de la naturaleza, pueden ser gestionados de forma coherente con la persistencia de la biodiversidad para la que son importantes (Jonas et al. 2014). Sin embargo, la definición formalmente acordada de un OECM (&#x201C;Un área geográficamente definida que no es un Área Protegida, que se gobierna y gestiona de manera que se logran resultados positivos y sostenidos a largo plazo para la conservación in situ de la biodiversidad, con funciones y servicios de los ecosistemas asociados y, en su caso, valores culturales, espirituales, socioeconómicos y otros valores relevantes a nivel local&#x201D;) no se acordó hasta noviembre de 2018 y las medidas para que los países presenten los datos del OECM al PNUMA-WCMC son recientes. Los OECM son ahora cotejados por el PNUMA-WCMC en una base de datos separada, el WD-OECM.</p>\n<p>En lo que respecta a los lugares importantes, la mayor limitación es que la identificación de los lugares hasta la fecha se ha centrado principalmente en subconjuntos específicos de la biodiversidad, por ejemplo las aves (para las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad) y las especies altamente amenazadas (para los lugares de la Alianza para la Extinción Cero). Aunque se ha documentado que las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad son buenos sustitutos de la biodiversidad en general (Brooks et al. 2001, Pain et al. 2005), la aplicación de la norma unificada para la identificación de sitios de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (UICN 2016) a través de diferentes niveles de biodiversidad (genes, especies, ecosistemas) y diferentes grupos taxonómicos sigue siendo una alta prioridad, a partir de los esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha (Eken et al. 2004, Knight et al. 2007, Langhammer et al. 2007, Foster et al. 2012). Las aves comprenden ahora el &lt;50% de las especies para las que se han identificado Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad, y a medida que avance la identificación de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad para otros taxones y elementos de la biodiversidad, este sesgo será una consideración menos importante en el futuro.</p>\n<p>La identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad ha sido validada para una serie de países y regiones en los que los datos exhaustivos sobre la biodiversidad permiten el cálculo formal de la importancia del sitio (o &#x201C;insustituibilidad&#x201D;) utilizando técnicas de planificación sistemática de la conservación (Di Marco et al. 2016, Montesino Pouzols et al. 2014).</p>\n<p>La evolución futura del indicador incluirá: a) la ampliación de la cobertura taxonómica de las Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad de montaña mediante la aplicación de la norma de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad (UICN 2016) a una amplia variedad de vertebrados, invertebrados, plantas y tipos de ecosistemas de montaña; b) la mejora de los datos sobre áreas protegidas mediante el aumento continuo de la proporción de sitios con fechas de designación documentadas y con polígonos de límites digitalizados (en lugar de coordenadas).</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Comentarios y limitaciones:</h2>\n<p>Se aplican criterios de control de calidad para garantizar la coherencia y la comparabilidad de los datos de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas. Los nuevos datos se validan en el PNUMA-WCMC mediante una serie de herramientas y se traducen a la estructura de datos estándar de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas. Las discrepancias entre los datos de la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas y los nuevos datos se minimizan mediante un manual (PNUMA-WCMC 2019) y se resuelven en comunicación con los proveedores de datos. Se aplican procesos similares para la incorporación de datos en la <em>Base de datos mundial de áreas clave para la biodiversidad</em> (BirdLife International 2019).</p>\n<p>El indicador no mide la eficacia de las áreas protegidas en la reducción de la pérdida de biodiversidad, que en última instancia depende de una serie de factores de gestión y aplicación que no están cubiertos por el indicador. Se están llevando a cabo varias iniciativas para abordar esta limitación. En particular, se han desarrollado numerosos mecanismos para evaluar la gestión de las áreas protegidas, que pueden sintetizarse en un indicador (Leverington et al. 2010). La Asociación de Indicadores de Biodiversidad lo utiliza como indicador complementario del progreso hacia la Meta 11 de Aichi para la Biodiversidad (<a href=\"http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement\">http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement</a>). Sin embargo, puede haber poca relación entre estas medidas y los resultados de las áreas protegidas (Nolte y Agrawal 2013). Más recientemente, se han empezado a desarrollar enfoques de &#x201C;listas verdes&#x201D; para incorporar tanto la eficacia de la gestión como los resultados de las áreas protegidas, y es probable que adquieran una importancia progresiva a medida que se prueben y se apliquen más ampliamente.</p>\n<p>Pueden surgir brechas de datos y conocimientos debido a las dificultades para determinar si un lugar se ajusta a la definición de área protegida de la UICN, y a algunas áreas protegidas no se les asignan categorías de gestión. Además, &#x201C;otras medidas efectivas de conservación basadas en áreas&#x201D;, como se especifica en la Meta de Aichi para la Biodiversidad </p>\n<p>11 del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011&#x2013;2020, reconocen que algunos lugares más allá de la red formal de áreas protegidas, si bien no se gestionan principalmente para la conservación de la naturaleza, pueden ser gestionados de forma coherente con la persistencia de la biodiversidad para la que son importantes (Jonas et al. 2014). Sin embargo, la definición formalmente acordada de un OECM (&#x201C;Un área geográficamente definida que no es un Área Protegida, que se gobierna y gestiona de manera que se logran resultados positivos y sostenidos a largo plazo para la conservación in situ de la biodiversidad, con funciones y servicios de los ecosistemas asociados y, en su caso, valores culturales, espirituales, socioeconómicos y otros valores relevantes a nivel local&#x201D;) no se acordó hasta noviembre de 2018 y las medidas para que los países presenten los datos del OECM al PNUMA-WCMC son recientes. Los OECM son ahora cotejados por el PNUMA-WCMC en una base de datos separada, el WD-OECM.</p>\n<p>En lo que respecta a los lugares importantes, la mayor limitación es que la identificación de los lugares hasta la fecha se ha centrado principalmente en subconjuntos específicos de la biodiversidad, por ejemplo las aves (para las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad) y las especies altamente amenazadas (para los lugares de la Alianza para la Extinción Cero). Aunque se ha documentado que las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad son buenos sustitutos de la biodiversidad en general (Brooks et al. 2001, Pain et al. 2005), la aplicación de la norma unificada para la identificación de sitios de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad (UICN 2016) a través de diferentes niveles de biodiversidad (genes, especies, ecosistemas) y diferentes grupos taxonómicos sigue siendo una alta prioridad, a partir de los esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha (Eken et al. 2004, Knight et al. 2007, Langhammer et al. 2007, Foster et al. 2012). Las aves comprenden ahora el &lt;50% de las especies para las que se han identificado Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad, y a medida que avance la identificación de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad para otros taxones y elementos de la biodiversidad, este sesgo será una consideración menos importante en el futuro.</p>\n<p>La identificación de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad ha sido validada para una serie de países y regiones en los que los datos exhaustivos sobre la biodiversidad permiten el cálculo formal de la importancia del sitio (o &#x201C;insustituibilidad&#x201D;) utilizando técnicas de planificación sistemática de la conservación (Di Marco et al. 2016, Montesino Pouzols et al. 2014).</p>\n<p>La evolución futura del indicador incluirá: a) la ampliación de la cobertura taxonómica de las Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad de montaña mediante la aplicación de la norma de Áreas Clave de Biodiversidad (UICN 2016) a una amplia variedad de vertebrados, invertebrados, plantas y tipos de ecosistemas de montaña; b) la mejora de los datos sobre áreas protegidas mediante el aumento continuo de la proporción de sitios con fechas de designación documentadas y con polígonos de límites digitalizados (en lugar de coordenadas).</p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Quality control criteria are applied to ensure consistency and comparability of the data in the WDPA. New data are validated at UNEP-WCMC through a number of tools and translated into the standard data structure of the WDPA. Discrepancies between the data in the WDPA and new data are minimised by provision of a manual (UNEP-WCMC 2019) and resolved in communication with data providers. Similar processes apply for the incorporation of data into the WDKBA (BirdLife International 2019).</p>\n<p>The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which ultimately depends on a range of management and enforcement factors not covered by the indicator. A number of initiatives are underway to address this limitation. Most notably, numerous mechanisms have been developed for assessment of protected area management, which can be synthesised into an indicator (Leverington et al. 2010). This is used by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership as a complementary indicator of progress towards Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 </p>\n<p>(http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement). However, there may be little relationship between these measures and protected area outcomes (Nolte &amp; Agrawal 2013). More recently, approaches to &#x201C;green listing&#x201D; have started to be developed, to incorporate both management effectiveness and the outcomes of protected areas, and these are likely to become progressively important as they are tested and applied more broadly.</p>\n<p>Data and knowledge gaps can arise due to difficulties in determining whether a site conforms to the IUCN definition of a protected area or the CBD definition of an OECM. However, given that both are incorporated into the indicator, misclassifications (as one or the other) do not impact the calculated indicator value.</p>\n<p>Regarding important sites, the biggest limitation is that site identification to date has focused mainly on specific subsets of biodiversity, for example birds (for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas) and highly threatened species (for Alliance for Zero Extinction sites). While Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas have been documented to be good surrogates for biodiversity more generally (Brooks et al. 2001, Pain et al. 2005), the application of the unified standard for identification of KBA sites (IUCN 2016) across different levels of biodiversity (genes, species, ecosystems) and different taxonomic groups remains a high priority, building from efforts to date (Eken et al. 2004, Knight et al. 2007, Langhammer et al. 2007, Foster et al. 2012). Birds now comprise less than 50% of the species for which KBAs have been identified, and as KBA identification for other taxa and elements of biodiversity proceeds, such bias will become a less important consideration in the future.</p>\n<p>KBA identification has been validated for a number of countries and regions where comprehensive biodiversity data allow formal calculation of the site importance (or &#x201C;irreplaceability&#x201D;) using systematic conservation planning techniques (Di Marco et al. 2016, Montesino Pouzols et al. 2014).</p>\n<p>Future developments of the indicator will include: a) expansion of the taxonomic coverage of mountain KBAs through application of the KBA standard (IUCN 2016) to a wide variety of mountain vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and ecosystem type; b) improvements in the data on protected areas by continuing to increase the proportion of sites with documented dates of designation and with digitised boundary polygons (rather than coordinates); and c) increased documentation of Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures in the World Database of OECMs.</p>",
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Quality control criteria are applied to ensure consistency and comparability of the data in the WDPA. New data are validated at UNEP-WCMC through a number of tools and translated into the standard data structure of the WDPA. Discrepancies between the data in the WDPA and new data are minimised by provision of a manual (UNEP-WCMC 2019) and resolved in communication with data providers. Similar processes apply for the incorporation of data into the WDKBA (BirdLife International 2019).</p>\n<p>The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which ultimately depends on a range of management and enforcement factors not covered by the indicator. A number of initiatives are underway to address this limitation. Most notably, numerous mechanisms have been developed for assessment of protected area management, which can be synthesised into an indicator (Leverington et al. 2010). This is used by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership as a complementary indicator of progress towards Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 </p>\n<p>(http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement). However, there may be little relationship between these measures and protected area outcomes (Nolte &amp; Agrawal 2013). More recently, approaches to &#x201C;green listing&#x201D; have started to be developed, to incorporate both management effectiveness and the outcomes of protected areas, and these are likely to become progressively important as they are tested and applied more broadly.</p>\n<p>Data and knowledge gaps can arise due to difficulties in determining whether a site conforms to the IUCN definition of a protected area or the CBD definition of an OECM. However, given that both are incorporated into the indicator, misclassifications (as one or the other) do not impact the calculated indicator value.</p>\n<p>Regarding important sites, the biggest limitation is that site identification to date has focused mainly on specific subsets of biodiversity, for example birds (for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas) and highly threatened species (for Alliance for Zero Extinction sites). While Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas have been documented to be good surrogates for biodiversity more generally (Brooks et al. 2001, Pain et al. 2005), the application of the unified standard for identification of KBA sites (IUCN 2016) across different levels of biodiversity (genes, species, ecosystems) and different taxonomic groups remains a high priority, building from efforts to date (Eken et al. 2004, Knight et al. 2007, Langhammer et al. 2007, Foster et al. 2012). Birds now comprise less than 50% of the species for which KBAs have been identified, and as KBA identification for other taxa and elements of biodiversity proceeds, such bias will become a less important consideration in the future.</p>\n<p>KBA identification has been validated for a number of countries and regions where comprehensive biodiversity data allow formal calculation of the site importance (or &#x201C;irreplaceability&#x201D;) using systematic conservation planning techniques (Di Marco et al. 2016, Montesino Pouzols et al. 2014).</p>\n<p>Future developments of the indicator will include: a) expansion of the taxonomic coverage of mountain KBAs through application of the KBA standard (IUCN 2016) to a wide variety of mountain vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and ecosystem type; b) improvements in the data on protected areas by continuing to increase the proportion of sites with documented dates of designation and with digitised boundary polygons (rather than coordinates); and c) increased documentation of Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures in the World Database of OECMs.</p>",
            "old": "<p>Quality control criteria are applied to ensure consistency and comparability of the data in the World Database on Protected Areas. New data are validated at UNEP-WCMC through a number of tools and translated into the standard data structure of the World Database on Protected Areas. Discrepancies between the data in the World Database on Protected Areas and new data are minimised by provision of a manual (UNEP-WCMC 2019) and resolved in communication with data providers. Similar processes apply for the incorporation of data into the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (BirdLife International 2019).</p>\n<p>The indicator does not measure the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing biodiversity loss, which ultimately depends on a range of management and enforcement factors not covered by the indicator. A number of initiatives are underway to address this limitation. Most notably, numerous mechanisms have been developed for assessment of protected area management, which can be synthesised into an indicator (Leverington et al. 2010). This is used by the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership as a complementary indicator of progress towards Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 </p>\n<p>(http://www.bipindicators.net/pamanagement). However, there may be little relationship between these measures and protected area outcomes (Nolte &amp; Agrawal 2013). More recently, approaches to &#x201C;green listing&#x201D; have started to be developed, to incorporate both management effectiveness and the outcomes of protected areas, and these are likely to become progressively important as they are tested and applied more broadly.</p>\n<p>Data and knowledge gaps can arise due to difficulties in determining whether a site conforms to the IUCN definition of a protected area or the CBD definition of an Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. However, given that both are incorporated into the indicator, misclassifications (as one or the other) do not impact the calculated indicator value.</p>\n<p>Regarding important sites, the biggest limitation is that site identification to date has focused mainly on specific subsets of biodiversity, for example birds (for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas) and highly threatened species (for Alliance for Zero Extinction sites). While Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas have been documented to be good surrogates for biodiversity more generally (Brooks et al. 2001, Pain et al. 2005), the application of the unified standard for identification of Key Biodiversity Areas (IUCN 2016) sites across different levels of biodiversity (genes, species, ecosystems) and different taxonomic groups remains a high priority, building from efforts to date (Eken et al. 2004, Knight et al. 2007, Langhammer et al. 2007, Foster et al. 2012). Birds now comprise less than 50% of the species for which Key Biodiversity Areas have been identified, and as Key Biodiversity Area identification for other taxa and elements of biodiversity proceeds, such bias will become a less important consideration in the future.</p>\n<p>Key Biodiversity Area identification has been validated for a number of countries and regions where comprehensive biodiversity data allow formal calculation of the site importance (or &#x201C;irreplaceability&#x201D;) using systematic conservation planning techniques (Di Marco et al. 2016, Montesino Pouzols et al. 2014).</p>\n<p>Future developments of the indicator will include: a) expansion of the taxonomic coverage of mountain Key Biodiversity Areas through application of the Key Biodiversity Areas standard (IUCN 2016) to a wide variety of mountain vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and ecosystem type; b) improvements in the data on protected areas by continuing to increase the proportion of sites with documented dates of designation and with digitised boundary polygons (rather than coordinates); and c) increased documentation of Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures in the World Database of OECMs.</p>",
            "details": {},
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                "source": "<p>Protected area data and OECM data are aggregated globally into the WDPA and WDOECM by the UNEP-WCMC, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). </p>\n<p>BirdLife International is mandated by the <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/dfbb558651f335617813f6c0c42f9e50\">KBAs Partnership Agreement</a> to manage data on KBAs in the WDKBAs on behalf of the KBAs Partnership.</p>\n<p>BirdLife International, IUCN and UNEP-WCMC collaborate to produce the indicator of coverage of KBAs by Protected Areas and OECMs.</p>",
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741827+01:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1>Compiladores de datos</h1>\n<h2>Nombre:</h2>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC y UICN</p>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son agregados globalmente en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas por el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservación de ONU Medio Ambiente, de acuerdo con el mandato de producción de la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de las Naciones Unidas (Deguignet et al. 2014). Se difunden a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Planeta Protegido</a>, gestionado conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (PNUMA-WCMC 2016). Los datos de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se agregan en la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, gestionada por BirdLife International (2019). En concreto, los datos sobre las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search\">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> y los datos sobre los sitios de la Alianza para la Cero Extinción están disponibles en línea en http://www.zeroextinction.org/search.cfm. Ambos conjuntos de datos, junto con la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas, también se difunden a través de la <a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/login\">Herramienta de Evaluación Integrada de la Biodiversidad para la Investigación y la Planificación de la Conservación</a>.</p>",
            "old": "<h1>Compiladores de datos</h1>\n<h2>Nombre:</h2>\n<p>PNUMA-WCMC y UICN</p>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son agregados globalmente en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas por el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservación de ONU Medio Ambiente, de acuerdo con el mandato de producción de la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de las Naciones Unidas (Deguignet et al. 2014). Se difunden a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Planeta Protegido</a>, gestionado conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (PNUMA-WCMC 2016). Los datos de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se agregan en la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, gestionada por BirdLife International (2019). En concreto, los datos sobre las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search\">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> y los datos sobre los sitios de la Alianza para la Cero Extinción están disponibles en línea en http://www.zeroextinction.org/search.cfm. Ambos conjuntos de datos, junto con la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas, también se difunden a través de la <a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/login\">Herramienta de Evaluación Integrada de la Biodiversidad para la Investigación y la Planificación de la Conservación</a>.</p>",
            "details": {
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                "source": "<p>BirdLife International, IUCN, UNEP-WCMC</p>\n<p>Protected area data are aggregated globally into the WDPA by UNEP-WCMC, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through Protected Planet, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016). KBAs data are aggregated into the WDKBA, managed by BirdLife International (2019). </p>",
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741785+01:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>BirdLife International, IUCN, UNEP-WCMC</p>\n<p>Protected area data are aggregated globally into the WDPA by UNEP-WCMC, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through Protected Planet, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016). KBAs data are aggregated into the WDKBA, managed by BirdLife International (2019). </p>",
            "old": "<p>UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and BirdLife International</p>\n<p>Protected area data are aggregated globally into the World Database on Protected Areas by the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through Protected Planet, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016). Key Biodiversity Areas data are aggregated into the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas, managed by BirdLife International (2019). </p>",
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741739+01:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1>Proveedores de datos</h1>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son compilados por los ministerios de ambiente y otros ministerios responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas. Las áreas clave para la biodiversidad se identifican a escala nacional mediante procesos en los que participan múltiples partes interesadas, siguiendo criterios y umbrales estándar.</p>",
            "old": "<h1>Proveedores de datos</h1>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son compilados por los ministerios de ambiente y otros ministerios responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas. Las áreas clave para la biodiversidad se identifican a escala nacional mediante procesos en los que participan múltiples partes interesadas, siguiendo criterios y umbrales estándar.</p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. KBAs are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following established processes and standard criteria and thresholds (see above for details).</p>",
                "old_state": 10
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            "user": null,
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741697+01:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. KBAs are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following established processes and standard criteria and thresholds (see above for details).</p>",
            "old": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. Key Biodiversity Areas are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following established processes and standard criteria and thresholds (see above for details).</p>",
            "details": {},
            "id": 47684682,
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            "user": null,
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741651+01:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2>Publicación de datos:</h2>\n<p>Se prevé que el indicador de cobertura de áreas protegidas de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad se publique anualmente. </p>",
            "old": "<h2>Publicación de datos:</h2>\n<p>Se prevé que el indicador de cobertura de áreas protegidas de lugares importantes para la biodiversidad se publique anualmente. </p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p>The indicator of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity is updated each November-December using the latest versions of the datasets on protected areas, OECMs and KBAs.</p>",
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            "user": null,
            "author": null,
            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741607+01:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>The indicator of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity is updated each November-December using the latest versions of the datasets on protected areas, OECMs and KBAs.</p>",
            "old": "<p>The indicator of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity is updated each November-December using the latest versions of the datasets on protected areas, OECMs and Key Biodiversity Areas.</p>",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1>Calendario</h1>\n<h2>Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p>El PNUMA-WCMC elabora la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de la ONU cada 5&#x2013;10 años, basándose en la información proporcionada por los ministerios/agencias nacionales. En el periodo que transcurre entre las compilaciones de las Listas de la ONU, el PNUMA-WCMC trabaja en estrecha colaboración con los ministerios/agencias nacionales y las ONG responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas, actualizando continuamente la WDPA a medida que se dispone de nuevos datos. La Base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad también se actualiza de forma continua, a medida que se presentan nuevos datos nacionales. </p>",
            "old": "<h1>Calendario</h1>\n<h2>Recopilación de datos:</h2>\n<p>El PNUMA-WCMC elabora la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de la ONU cada 5&#x2013;10 años, basándose en la información proporcionada por los ministerios/agencias nacionales. En el periodo que transcurre entre las compilaciones de las Listas de la ONU, el PNUMA-WCMC trabaja en estrecha colaboración con los ministerios/agencias nacionales y las ONG responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas, actualizando continuamente la WDPA a medida que se dispone de nuevos datos. La Base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad también se actualiza de forma continua, a medida que se presentan nuevos datos nacionales. </p>",
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                "source": "<p>UNEP-WCMC produces the UN List of Protected Areas every 5&#x2013;10 years, based on information provided by national ministries/agencies. In the intervening period between compilations of UN Lists, UNEP-WCMC works closely with national ministries/agencies and NGOs responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas, continually updating the WDPA as new data become available. The WDOECM is also updated on an ongoing basis. The WDKBA is also updated on an ongoing basis with updates currently released twice a year, as new national data are submitted.</p>",
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>UNEP-WCMC produces the UN List of Protected Areas every 5&#x2013;10 years, based on information provided by national ministries/agencies. In the intervening period between compilations of UN Lists, UNEP-WCMC works closely with national ministries/agencies and NGOs responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas, continually updating the WDPA as new data become available. The WDOECM is also updated on an ongoing basis. The WDKBA is also updated on an ongoing basis with updates currently released twice a year, as new national data are submitted.</p>",
            "old": "<p>UNEP-WCMC produces the UN List of Protected Areas every 5&#x2013;10 years, based on information provided by national ministries/agencies. In the intervening period between compilations of UN Lists, UNEP-WCMC works closely with national ministries/agencies and NGOs responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas, continually updating the WDPA as new data become available. The World Database of Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures is also updated on an ongoing basis. The World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas is also updated on an ongoing basis with updates currently released twice a year, as new national data are submitted.</p>",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h2>Proceso de recolección:</h2>\n<p>Ver información en otros apartados.</p>",
            "old": "<h2>Proceso de recolección:</h2>\n<p>Ver información en otros apartados.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>See information under other sections, and detailed information on the process by which KBAs are identified at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive and consultative: anyone with data on the biodiversity importance of a site may propose it as a KBA if it meets the <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-048.pdf\">KBA criteria</a>, and consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organisations) is required during the proposal process. Any site proposal must undergo independent review. This is followed by the official site nomination with full documentation meeting the Documentation Standards for KBAs. Sites confirmed by the KBA Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBA Website.</p>\n<p>Submission of proposals for KBAs to the WDKBA follows a systematic review process to ensure that the KBA criteria have been applied correctly and that the sites can be recognised as important for the global persistence of biodiversity. Regional Focal Points have been appointed to help KBA proposers develop proposals and then ensure they are reviewed independently. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites has been published to help guide proposers through the development of proposals and the review process, highlighting where they can obtain help in making a proposal. </p>",
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>See information under other sections, and detailed information on the process by which KBAs are identified at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive and consultative: anyone with data on the biodiversity importance of a site may propose it as a KBA if it meets the <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-048.pdf\">KBA criteria</a>, and consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organisations) is required during the proposal process. Any site proposal must undergo independent review. This is followed by the official site nomination with full documentation meeting the Documentation Standards for KBAs. Sites confirmed by the KBA Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBA Website.</p>\n<p>Submission of proposals for KBAs to the WDKBA follows a systematic review process to ensure that the KBA criteria have been applied correctly and that the sites can be recognised as important for the global persistence of biodiversity. Regional Focal Points have been appointed to help KBA proposers develop proposals and then ensure they are reviewed independently. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites has been published to help guide proposers through the development of proposals and the review process, highlighting where they can obtain help in making a proposal. </p>",
            "old": "<p>See information under other sections, and detailed information on the process by which Key Biodiversity Areas are identified at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive and consultative. Anyone with appropriate data may propose a site. Consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organisations) is required during the proposal process. Any site proposal must undergo independent review. This is followed by the official site nomination with full documentation meeting the Documentation Standards for KBAs. Sites confirmed by the KBA Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBA Website.</p>\n<p>Submission of proposals for KBAs to the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas follows a systematic review process to ensure that the KBA criteria have been applied correctly and that the sites can be recognised as important for the global persistence of biodiversity. Regional Focal Points have been appointed to help KBA proposers develop proposals and then ensure they are reviewed independently. Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites has been published to help guide proposers through the development of proposals and the review process, highlighting where they can obtain help in making a proposal. </p>",
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            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1>Fuentes de datos</h1>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son compilados por los ministerios de ambiente y otros ministerios responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas. Los datos sobre áreas protegidas de los sitios designados en el marco de la Convención de Ramsar y la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO se recopilan a través de las secretarías internacionales de las convenciones correspondientes. Los datos de las áreas protegidas son agregados globalmente en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas por el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservación de ONU Medio Ambiente, de acuerdo con el mandato de producción de la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de las Naciones Unidas (Deguignet et al. 2014). Se difunden a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Planeta Protegido</a>, gestionado conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (PNUMA-WCMC 2016).</p>\n<p>Las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se identifican a escala nacional a través de procesos de múltiples partes interesadas, siguiendo criterios y umbrales estándar. Los datos de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se agregan a la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, gestionada por BirdLife International. En concreto, los datos sobre las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search\">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> y los datos sobre los lugares de la Alianza para la Cero Extinción están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"https://zeroextinction.org/\">https://zeroextinction.org</a>. Ambos conjuntos de datos, junto con las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad identificadas a través de otros procesos, están disponibles a través de la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, y, junto con la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas, también se difunden a través de la <a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/login\">Herramienta de Evaluación Integrada de la Biodiversidad para la Investigación y la Planificación de la Conservación</a>.</p>",
            "old": "<h1>Fuentes de datos</h1>\n<h2>Descripción:</h2>\n<p>Los datos de las áreas protegidas son compilados por los ministerios de ambiente y otros ministerios responsables de la designación y el mantenimiento de las áreas protegidas. Los datos sobre áreas protegidas de los sitios designados en el marco de la Convención de Ramsar y la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO se recopilan a través de las secretarías internacionales de las convenciones correspondientes. Los datos de las áreas protegidas son agregados globalmente en la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas por el Centro Mundial de Monitoreo de la Conservación de ONU Medio Ambiente, de acuerdo con el mandato de producción de la Lista de Áreas Protegidas de las Naciones Unidas (Deguignet et al. 2014). Se difunden a través de <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Planeta Protegido</a>, gestionado conjuntamente por el PNUMA-WCMC y la UICN y su Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (PNUMA-WCMC 2016).</p>\n<p>Las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se identifican a escala nacional a través de procesos de múltiples partes interesadas, siguiendo criterios y umbrales estándar. Los datos de las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad se agregan a la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, gestionada por BirdLife International. En concreto, los datos sobre las Áreas Importantes para las Aves y la Biodiversidad están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search\">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> y los datos sobre los lugares de la Alianza para la Cero Extinción están disponibles en línea en <a href=\"https://zeroextinction.org/\">https://zeroextinction.org</a>. Ambos conjuntos de datos, junto con las Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad identificadas a través de otros procesos, están disponibles a través de la <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Clave para la Biodiversidad</a>, y, junto con la Base de Datos Mundial sobre Áreas Protegidas, también se difunden a través de la <a href=\"https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/login\">Herramienta de Evaluación Integrada de la Biodiversidad para la Investigación y la Planificación de la Conservación</a>.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. Protected Areas data for sites designated under the Ramsar Convention and the UNESCO World Heritage Convention are collected through the relevant convention international secretariats. Protected area data are aggregated globally into the WDPA by UNEP-WCMC, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Protected Planet</a>, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016).</p>\n<p>Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) are collated in the WDOECM. This database can be regarded as a sister database to the WDPA as it is also hosted on Protected Planet. Furthermore, the databases share many of the same fields and have an almost identical workflow; differing only in what they list. OECMs are a quickly evolving area of work, as such for the latest information on OECMs and the WDOECM please contact UNEP-WCMC. </p>\n<p>KBAs are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following standard criteria and thresholds. KBAs data are aggregated into the <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">World Database on </a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">KBAs</a>, managed by BirdLife International. </p>",
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            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. Protected Areas data for sites designated under the Ramsar Convention and the UNESCO World Heritage Convention are collected through the relevant convention international secretariats. Protected area data are aggregated globally into the WDPA by UNEP-WCMC, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Protected Planet</a>, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016).</p>\n<p>Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) are collated in the WDOECM. This database can be regarded as a sister database to the WDPA as it is also hosted on Protected Planet. Furthermore, the databases share many of the same fields and have an almost identical workflow; differing only in what they list. OECMs are a quickly evolving area of work, as such for the latest information on OECMs and the WDOECM please contact UNEP-WCMC. </p>\n<p>KBAs are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following standard criteria and thresholds. KBAs data are aggregated into the <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">World Database on </a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">KBAs</a>, managed by BirdLife International. </p>",
            "old": "<p>Protected area data are compiled by ministries of environment and other ministries responsible for the designation and maintenance of protected areas. Protected Areas data for sites designated under the Ramsar Convention and the UNESCO World Heritage Convention are collected through the relevant convention international secretariats. Protected area data are aggregated globally into the World Database on Protected Areas by the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, according to the mandate for production of the United Nations List of Protected Areas (Deguignet et al. 2014). They are disseminated through <a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/\">Protected Planet</a>, which is jointly managed by UNEP-WCMC and IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas (UNEP-WCMC 2016).</p>\n<p>OECMs are collated in the World Database of Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WDOECM). This database can be regarded as a sister database to the WDPA as it is also hosted on Protected Planet. Furthermore, the databases share many of the same fields and have an almost identical workflow; differing only in what they list. OECMs are a quickly evolving area of work, as such for the latest information on OECMs and the WDOECM please contact UNEP-WCMC. </p>\n<p>KBAs are identified at national scales through multi-stakeholder processes, following standard criteria and thresholds. Key Biodiversity Areas data are aggregated into the <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">World Database on </a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/\">Key Biodiversity Areas</a>, managed by BirdLife International. </p>",
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            "user": null,
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                "source": "<p>Protected Areas are defined as described above by IUCN (IUCN; Dudley 2008) and documented in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). (<a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net\">www.protectedplanet.net</a>).</p>\n<p>Importantly, a variety of specific management objectives are recognised within this definition, spanning conservation, restoration, and sustainable use:</p>\n<p>- Category Ia: Strict nature reserve</p>\n<p>- Category Ib: Wilderness area</p>\n<p>- Category II: National park</p>\n<p>- Category III: Natural monument or feature</p>\n<p>- Category IV: Habitat/species management area</p>\n<p>- Category V: Protected landscape/seascape</p>\n<p>- Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources</p>\n<p>The status &quot;designated&quot; is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).</p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are managed in the WDPA (www.protectedplanet.net) by UNEP-WCMC.</p>\n<p>OECMs are defined as described above by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD 2018) and documented in the World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (WDOECM) (<a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms\">www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms</a>).</p>\n<p>OECMs are defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as &#x201C;A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio&#x2013;economic, and other locally relevant values&#x201D; (CBD, 2018). Data on OECMs are managed in the WDOECM (<a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms\">www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms</a>) by UNEP-WCMC.</p>\n<p>Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are defined as described below by IUCN (2016) and documented in the World Database of KBAs (WDKBA) (www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-data).</p>\n<p>Sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity are identified following globally criteria set out in A Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs (IUCN 2016) applied at national levels. KBAs encompass (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas, that is, sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, identified using data on birds, of which more than13,000 sites in total have been identified from all of the world&#x2019;s countries (BirdLife International 2014, Donald et al. 2018); (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites (Ricketts et al. 2005), that is, sites holding effectively the entire population of at least one species assessed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, of which 853 sites have been identified for 1,483 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, freshwater crustaceans, reef-building corals, conifers, cycads and other taxa; (c) KBAs identified under an earlier version of the KBA criteria (Langhammer et al. 2007), including those identified in Ecosystem Hotspot Profiles developed with support of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. These three subsets are being reassessed using the Global Standard, which unifies these approaches along with other mechanisms for identification of important sites for other species and ecosystems (IUCN 2016).</p>\n<p>Data on KBAs are managed in the WDKBA (www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-data) by BirdLife International on behalf of the KBA Partnership.</p>",
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            "details": {
                "state": 0,
                "source": "<p>Percent (%) (Mean percentage of each mountain Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or OECMs.)</p>",
                "old_state": 0
            },
            "id": 47684672,
            "action_name": "String updated in the repository",
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741138+01:00",
            "action": 59,
            "target": "<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>\n<h2>Definición:</h2>\n<p>Este indicador Cobertura por áreas protegidas de los lugares importantes para la biodiversidad de las montañas muestra las tendencias temporales del porcentaje medio de cada lugar importante para la biodiversidad de las montañas (es decir, aquellos que contribuyen significativamente a la persistencia global de la biodiversidad) que está cubierto por áreas protegidas designadas.</p>",
            "old": "<h1>Conceptos y definiciones</h1>\n<h2>Definición:</h2>\n<p>Este indicador Cobertura por áreas protegidas de los lugares importantes para la biodiversidad de las montañas muestra las tendencias temporales del porcentaje medio de cada lugar importante para la biodiversidad de las montañas (es decir, aquellos que contribuyen significativamente a la persistencia global de la biodiversidad) que está cubierto por áreas protegidas designadas.</p>",
            "details": {
                "state": 10,
                "source": "<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for mountain biodiversity (i.e., those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>Protected areas, as defined by the IUCN (IUCN; Dudley 2008), are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. </p>",
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            "timestamp": "2023-02-07T20:08:07.741095+01:00",
            "action": 30,
            "target": "<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for mountain biodiversity (i.e., those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>Protected areas, as defined by the IUCN (IUCN; Dudley 2008), are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. </p>",
            "old": "<p><strong>Definition:</strong></p>\n<p>The indicator Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for mountain biodiversity (i.e., those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).</p>\n<p><strong>Concepts:</strong></p>\n<p>Protected areas, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; Dudley 2008), are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Importantly, a variety of specific management objectives are recognised within this definition, spanning conservation, restoration, and sustainable use:</p>\n<p>- Category Ia: Strict nature reserve</p>\n<p>- Category Ib: Wilderness area</p>\n<p>- Category II: National park</p>\n<p>- Category III: Natural monument or feature</p>\n<p>- Category IV: Habitat/species management area</p>\n<p>- Category V: Protected landscape/seascape</p>\n<p>- Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources</p>\n<p>The status &quot;designated&quot; is attributed to a protected area when the corresponding authority, according to national legislation or common practice (e.g., by means of an executive decree or the like), officially endorses a document of designation. The designation must be made for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, not de facto protection arising because of some other activity (e.g., military).</p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are managed in the World Database on Protected Areas (www.protectedplanet.net) by the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).</p>\n<p>Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity as (CBD) &#x201C;A geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio&#x2013;economic, and other locally relevant values&#x201D; (CBD, 2018). Data on OECMs are managed in the World Database on OECMs (<a href=\"http://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms\">www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/oecms</a>) by the UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).</p>\n<p>Sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity are identified following globally criteria set out in A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) (IUCN 2016) applied at national levels. Key Biodiversity Areas encompass (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas, that is, sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, identified using data on birds, of which more than 13,000 sites in total have been identified from all of the world&#x2019;s countries (BirdLife International 2014, Donald et al. 2018); (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites (Ricketts et al. 2005), that is, sites holding effectively the entire population of at least one species assessed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, of which 853 sites have been identified for 1,483 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, freshwater crustaceans, reef-building corals, conifers, cycads and other taxa; (c) Key Biodiversity Areas identified under an earlier version of the Key Biodiversity Area criteria (Langhammer et al. 2007), including those identified in Ecosystem Hotspot Profiles developed with support of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. These three subsets are being reassessed using the Global Standard, which unifies these approaches along with other mechanisms for identification of important sites for other species and ecosystems (IUCN 2016).</p>\n<p>Data on KBAs are managed in the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-data) by BirdLife International on behalf of the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership.</p>",
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                "source": "<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.unep-wcmc.org/\">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/\">http://www.birdlife.org/</a> ; <a href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\">http://www.iucn.org/</a> </p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>\n<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversityareas.org/sites/search.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>\n<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>\n<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.</p>\n<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full.</p>\n<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/\">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>.</p>\n<p>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Decision 14/8 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/. </p>\n<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf.</p>\n<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.short.</p>\n<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322.</p>\n<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract.</p>\n<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>\n<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243.</p>\n<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract.</p>\n<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Available from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short.</p>\n<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Available from </p>\n<p>https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779.</p>\n<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Available from www.gadm.org.</p>\n<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046.</p>\n<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013;179. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298.</p>\n<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259.</p>\n<p>IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019). Recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.</p>\n<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Available from http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf.</p>\n<p>KBA Secretariat (2019). Key Biodiversity Areas Proposal Process: Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites. Version 1.0. Prepared by the KBA Secretariat and KBA Committee of the KBA Partnership. Cambridge, UK. Available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. </p>\n<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Available from </p>\n<p>http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short.</p>\n<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055.</p>\n<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-</p>\n<p>9564-5#page-1.</p>\n<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html.</p>\n<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract.</p>\n<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412.</p>\n<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Available from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short.</p>\n<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html.</p>\n<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Available from </p>\n<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454.</p>\n<p>SIMKINS, A.T., PEARMAIN, E.J., &amp; DIAS, M.P. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating the protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas. <a href=\"https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap\">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap</a>. </p>\n<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from <a href=\"http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual\">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>\n<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://www.protectedplanet.net.</p>",
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                "source": "<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>\n<p>Data quality in the process of identifying KBAs is ensured through processes established by the <a href=\"https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/programme/partnership\">KBA Partnership</a> and KBA Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBA Secretariat. </p>\n<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBA, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>\n<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of KBAs by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href=\"https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles\">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml\">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>",
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                "source": "<p>For protected areas and OECMs, please see the section on validation. Ensuring the WDPA and WDOECM remain an accurate and true depiction of reality is a never-ending task; however, over time the quality of the data (e.g. the proportion of sites with defined boundaries) is increasing.</p>\n<p>For KBAs, see above and below, plus the guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs which is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBAs Secretariat. Furthermore, an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBAs, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>",
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                "source": "<p><strong><em>PAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>Data on protected areas are submitted by government agencies to the WDPA and disseminated through Protected Planet. The WDPA has its origins in a 1959 UN mandate when the United Nations Economic and Social Council called for a list of national parks and equivalent reserves Resolution 713 (XXVIII). </p>\n<p>Protected areas data are therefore compiled directly from government agencies, regional hubs and other authoritative sources in the absence of a government source. All records have a unique metadata identifier (MetadataID) which links the spatial database to the Source table where all sources are described. The data is collated and standardised following the WDPA Data Standards and validated with the source. The process of collation, validation and publication of data as well as protocols and the WDPA data standards are regularly updated in the WDPA User Manual (<a href=\"https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual\">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a>) made available through www.protectedplanet.net where all spatial data and the Source table are also published every month and can be downloaded. The WDPA User Manual (published in English, Spanish, and French) provides guidance to countries on how to submit protected areas data to the WDPA, the benefits of providing such data, and the data standards and quality checks that are performed. </p>\n<p><strong><em>OECMS</em></strong></p>\n<p>Guiding principles, common characteristics and criteria for identification of OECMs are available in CBD (2018) at <a href=\"https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf\">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>.</p>\n<p>Guidance on recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures is available in IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019) at: <a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48773</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><em>KBAs</em></strong></p>\n<p>The &#x201C;Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs&#x201D; (<a href=\"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259\">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>) comprises the standard recommendations available to countries in the identification of KBAs. Guidelines for using A global standard for the identification of KBAs are available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/49131.</p>\n<p>Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming KBAs is available in KBA Secretariat (2019) at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>.</p>\n<p>A summary of the process by which KBAs are identified is available at <a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating\">www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/proposing-updating</a>.</p>\n<p>The KBA identification process is highly inclusive, consultative and nationally driven. Anyone with appropriate data may propose a site as a KBA, although consultation with relevant stakeholders at the local and national level is required when identifying the site and needs to be documented in the proposal. In order to propose a site as a KBA, a proposer must apply the KBA criteria to data on biodiversity elements (species and ecosystems) at the site. Associated with the proposal process is the need to delineate the site accurately so that its boundaries are clear. Although anyone with appropriate scientific data may propose a site to qualify as a KBA, wide consultation with stakeholders at the national level (both non-governmental and governmental organizations) is required during the proposal process. The formal proposal is then made using a proposal process that ensures there is an independent review of the proposal before a site is incorporated in the WDKBA. This is important given that KBA status of a site may lead to changes in actions of governments, private sector companies and other institutions following consultation as appropriate. </p>\n<p>KBA identification builds off the existing network of KBAs, including those identified as (a) Important Bird &amp; Biodiversity Areas through the BirdLife Partnership of over 115 national organisations (https://www.birdlife.org/who-we-are/), (b) Alliance for Zero Extinction sites by 93 national and international organisations in the Alliance (<a href=\"http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html\">http://www.zeroextinction.org/partners.html</a>), and (c) other KBAs by civil society organisations supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund in developing ecosystem profiles, named in each of the profiles listed here (<a href=\"http://www.cepf.net\">http://www.cepf.net</a> ), with new data strengthening and expanding expand the network of these sites.</p>\n<p>The main steps of the KBA identification process are the following: </p>\n<ol>\n  <li>submission of Expressions of Intent to identify a KBA to Regional Focal Points; </li>\n  <li>Proposal Development process, in which proposers compile relevant data and documentation and consult national experts, including organizations that have already identified KBAs in the country, either through national KBA Coordination Groups or independently;</li>\n  <li>review of proposed KBAs by Independent Expert Reviewers, verifying the accuracy of information within their area of expertise; and</li>\n  <li>a Site Nomination phase comprising the submission of all the relevant documentation for verification by the KBAs Secretariat. Sites confirmed by the KBAs Secretariat to qualify as KBAs are then published on the KBAs website (<a href=\"http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home\">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>).</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Once a KBA is identified, monitoring of its qualifying features and its conservation status is important. Proposers, reviewers and those undertaking monitoring can join the KBAs Community to exchange their experiences, case studies and best practice examples.</p>\n<p>The R code for calculating protected area coverage of KBAs is documented in Simkins et al. (2020). </p>",
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                "source": "<p>Regional indices are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA in the region covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or OECMs: in other words, the percentage of each KBA covered by these designations, averaged over all KBAs in the particular region.</p>",
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                "source": "<p><strong>&#x2022; At country level</strong></p>\n<p>Data are available for protected areas and KBAs in all of the world&#x2019;s countries, and so no imputation or estimation of national level data is necessary.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>&#x2022; At regional and global levels</strong></p>\n<p>Global indicators of protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity are calculated as the mean percentage of each KBA that is covered by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures. The data are generated from all countries, and so while there is uncertainty around the data, there are no missing values as such and so no need for imputation or estimation.</p>",
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