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10-1-1 MIT 0% 0% 32 2,244 17,621 32 0 0 0
10-2-1 MIT 0% 0% 32 1,905 13,917 32 0 0 0
10-3-1 MIT 0% 0% 24 1,969 15,036 24 0 0 0
10-4-1 MIT 0% 0% 32 2,155 18,434 32 0 0 0
10-4-2 MIT 0% 0% 32 3,474 469,754 32 0 0 0
10-5-1 MIT 0% 0% 30 2,003 13,761 30 5 0 0
10-6-1 MIT 0% 0% 28 1,319 11,773 28 6 0 0
10-7-1 MIT 0% 0% 32 2,606 27,994 32 0 0 0
10-7-2 MIT 0% 0% 32 3,666 791,343 32 0 0 0
10-7-3 MIT 0% 0% 31 4,636 36,366 31 0 0 0
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Overview

Project website github.com/worldbank/sdg-metadata
Instructions for translators

This project is limited to Russian translation only, for now.

More detailed instructions to come.
Project maintainers User avatar brockfanning
Translation license MIT License
Translation process
  • Translations can be made directly.
  • Translation suggestions are turned off.
  • Translations are reviewed by dedicated reviewers.
  • Any authenticated user can contribute.
  • The translation uses monolingual files.
  • The translation base language can not be edited.
Source code repository https://github.com/worldbank/sdg-metadata
Repository branch master
Last remote commit Merge pull request #542 from weblate/weblate-sdg-metadata-1-1-1a 85d59a4a6e9
User avatar brockfanning authored 11 days ago
Last commit in Weblate Translated using Weblate (French) 6788052f2ac
User avatar deblsyl authored a year ago
Weblate repository https://hosted.weblate.org/git/sdg-metadata/1-1-1a/
File mask translations-metadata/*/15-4-2.yml
Monolingual base language file translations-metadata/en/15-4-2.yml
Translation file Download translations-metadata/ar/15-4-2.yml
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23 hours ago

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Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 32 4,991 44,768
Approved 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Waiting for review 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Translated 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Needs editing 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Read-only 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Failing checks 15% 5 6% 306 5% 2,426
Strings with suggestions 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Untranslated strings 100% 32 100% 4,991 100% 44,768
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Resource updated

  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
The “translations-metadata/en/15-4-2.yml” file was changed. 8 months ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository

  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
<p>ESA (2017) Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2. Tech. Rep. Available at:<strong> </strong><a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf"><u>maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>FAO-GTOS. (2009). <em>Land Cover: Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables</em>. Global Terrestrial Observing System, Rome. </p>
<p>IPBES (2018): <em>Summary for policymakers of the assessment report on land degradation and restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</em>. R. Scholes, L. Montanarella, A. Brainich, N. Barger, B. ten Brink, M. Cantele, B. Erasmus, J. Fisher, T. Gardner, T. G. Holland, F. Kohler, J. S. Kotiaho, G. Von Maltitz, G. Nangendo, R. Pandit, J. Parrotta, M. D. Potts, S. Prince, M. Sankaran and L. Willemen (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 44 pages</p>
<p>K&#xF6;rner, C., Paulsen, J., &amp; Spehn, E. (2011). A definition of mountains and their bioclimatic belts for global comparisons of biodiversity data. <em>Alpine Botany, 121</em>, 73-78.</p>
<p>Notarnicola, C. (2020) Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018. <em>Remote Sensing of Environment </em>243, 111781.</p>
<p>Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., Wulder, M. A. (2014): Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change<em>. Remote Sensing of Environment</em>, 148, 42-57.</p>
<p>Ravilious, C., Tshwene-Mauchaza, B. and Kapos, V. (2021). <em>Validation and implementation of the Kapos Mountain Classification: Assessing the impact of DEM resolution on the mapping of mountain classes following the Kapos methodology</em>. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.</p>
<p>Santoro, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Boettcher, M., Brockmann, C., Lamarche, C., . . . Defourny, P. (2015). <em>Land Cover CCI PRODUCT USER GUIDE VERSION 2.0.</em> European Spatial Agency. European Spatial Agency. Retrieved from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</p>
<p>Sims, N.C., Newnham, G.J., England, J.R., Guerschman, J., Cox, S.J.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Fritz, S. and Wheeler, I. (2021). <em>Good Practice Guidance. SDG Indicator 15.3.1, Proportion of Land That Is Degraded Over Total Land Area. Version 2.0.</em> United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn, Germany </p>
<p>UN Statistical Division (2014). <em>System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 &#x2014; Central Framework. </em>New York, USA.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC (2002). <em>Mountain Watch: Environmental change and sustainable development in mountains.</em> Cambridge, UK</p>
<p><strong>Annex 1.</strong> Land cover transition matrix for the 10 SEEA classes. Land cover change processes are color coded as improvement (green), stable (yellow) or degradation (red). (Adapted from Sims <em>et al</em>. 2021). </p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="10">
<p><strong>FINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="10">
<p><strong>ORIGINAL CLASS</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Artificial Surfaces</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of settlements</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Cropland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Withdrawal of agriculture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Grassland</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural Expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Tree-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Deforestation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Shrub-covered areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Herbaceous or shrub</strong></p>
<p><strong>vegetation,</strong></p>
<p><strong>aquatic or</strong></p>
<p><strong>regularly</strong></p>
<p><strong>flooded</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Woody encroachment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland drainage</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Sparsely natural vegetated areas</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation loss</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Barren land</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Forest expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Wetland establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Vegetation establishment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Inundation </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Permanent snow &amp; glaciers</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier retreat</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier melting</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Water bodies</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Urban expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Agricultural expansion</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Lake dessication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Glacier advance</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Stable</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
 
8 months ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository

  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>The indicator is generated by geospatial data and therefore has universal coverage. Countries with no values on the global SDG database are either A) countries with no mountains where the indicator is not applicable (indicated as NA) or B) countries that have not validated FAO&#x2019;s estimates and yet have not provided figures of their own.</p>
<p><strong>Time series:</strong></p>
<p>Country, regional and global figures are available since the year 2000. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2a, data is available for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p>For sub-indicator 15.4.2b, data is available for the reporting period 2000-2015 (baseline), 2018, and subsequently every three years. </p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>In the global SDG database, both sub-indicators are disaggregated by mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by K&#xF6;rner <em>et al. </em>(2011) (see section 2c. Classifications). In addition, sub-indicator 15.4.2a is disaggregated by the 10 SEEA classes included in Table 2. Those values are reported both as proportions (percent) and area (in square kilometres). </p>
 
8 months ago
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String updated in the repository

  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2a</strong>, Mountain Green Cover Index, is defined as: </p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>C</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Mountain Green Cover Area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Sum of areas (in km<sup>2</sup>) covered by (1) tree-covered areas, (2) croplands, (3) grasslands, (4) shrub-covered areas and (5) shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded classes in the reporting period <em>n.</em> </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sub-indicator 15.4.2b</strong>, Proportion of degraded mountain area, is reported as a binary quantification (degraded/non-degraded) of the extent of degraded land over total mountain area, given by:</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>P</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>o</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mi>&amp;nbsp;</mi>
<mo>&#xD7;</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
</math></p>
<p>Where: </p>
<ul>
<li><em>Degraded mountain area<sub>n</sub> </em>= Total degraded mountain area (in km<sup>2</sup>) in the reporting period <em>n.</em> This is, the sum of the areas where land cover change is considered to constitute degradation from the baseline period. Degraded mountain land will be assessed based on the land cover transition matrix in Annex 1. </li>
<li><em>Total mountain area</em> = Total area of mountains (in km<sup>2</sup>). In both the numerator and denominator, mountain area is defined according to UNEP-WCMC<em> </em>(2002). </li>
</ul>
<p>If the country/region has no mountain area, it will be assigned value NA.</p>
 
8 months ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository

  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
<p>The indicator can be calculated using freely available Earth Observation data and simple Geographic Information Science (GIS) operations that can be processed in free and open source software (FOSS) GIS. Regional and global land cover data derived from Earth observation can play an important role in the absence of, to complement, or to enhance national official data sources. These datasets can help validate and improve national statistics for greater accuracy by ensuring that the data</p>
<p>Recognizing that this indicator cannot fully capture the complexity of mountain ecosystems across the world, countries are strongly encouraged to use other relevant national or sub-national indicators, data and information to strengthen their interpretation, as well as taking into account the following limitations: </p>
<ul>
<li>Sub-indicator &#x2018;&#x2019;a&#x2019;&#x2019; should be interpreted with care given that: 1) lack of green cover does not necessarily mean that a particular mountain area is degraded (i.e. areas of permanent snow and ice, scree slopes and natural sparsely vegetated areas above the tree line, 2) it does not capture significant drivers of change such as conversion of natural areas to cropland or pastureland, and 3) increase in green cover may due to impacts of climate change in mountain areas (i.e. increase in green cover due to snow and glacier retreat due to global warming). </li>
<li>Because land cover refers to the naturally stable aspects of land and the structure of its key elements, transient aspects such as vegetation phenology, snow or flooding cannot be captured by land cover transitions as measured in sub-indicator 15.4.2b. In the context of SDG Target 15.4, this is particularly relevant for snow cover dynamics (snow cover duration within a year), which has been highlighted as a key impact of global warming in mountain ecosystems with direct impacts to water provision (Notarnicola, 2020). </li>
<li>Decisions about which land cover transitions are linked to degradation processes would sometimes require information on the use of land, not only land cover. For example, the conversion of tree-covered areas to grassland may be a result of deforestation (change in land cover and land use) or just the result of certain management practices and natural disturbance (change in land cover only). The former could be identified as a negative transition, while the latter could be considered as stable or unchanging. The use of land use information would help to better characterize those changes in the context of sub-indicator &#x201C;b&#x2019;&#x2019;. </li>
<li>Both sub-indicators are not able to capture ecosystem degradation drivers that do not necessarily result in changes in land cover. Some examples of this include conversions of natural forests to intensively managed production systems such as plantation forests, orchards and oil palm plantations; conversion of natural and semi-natural grasslands to intensively used pastures, forest and grassland degradation or invasive species invasion, among others. However, the use of more detailed national land use maps may be able to overcome some of these gaps for sub-indicator 15.4.2b.</li>
<li>While access to remote sensing imagery has improved dramatically in recent years, there is still a need for essential historical time series that is currently only available at coarse to medium resolution. Therefore, if countries have national land cover maps of higher spatial resolution and comparable or better quality, FAO advises using them, following the same methodology presented here, for the generation of the indicator&#x2019;s values. </li>
<li>Area estimations based on remote-sensing-derived land cover maps such as the ESA-CCI product via pixel counting may lead to biased area estimates due to map errors (Olofsson et al. 2014). Countries are encouraged to further refine those estimates by comparing them against reference datasets and applying bias corrections.</li>
</ul>
 
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  1. SDG Metadata
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  3. Arabic
<p>Article 1 of FAO&#x2019;s constitution specifies that &#x201C;The Organization shall collect, analyse, interpret, and disseminate information related to nutrition, food and agriculture.&#x201D; In this regard, FAO collects national level data from member countries, which it then standardizes and disseminates through corporate statistical databases. FAO is the custodian UN agency for 21 SDG indicators, including 15.4.2.</p>
 
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  1. SDG Metadata
  2. 15-4-2
  3. Arabic
<p>SDG indicator 15.4.2 is updated every three years.</p>
 
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<p>Land cover maps developed by appropriate national authorities will generally provide the most relevant data source to compute this indicator. However, in certain cases, such data may not be available. In those cases, various regional or global products provide a viable alternative.</p>
<p>The global default source of land cover data for this indicator is the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) Land Cover product (ESA, 2017). The ESA-CCI product consists of a series of annual Land Cover maps at 300 m resolution, providing 22 land cover classes based on 300m MERIS, 1km SPOT &#x2013;VEGETATION, 1km PROBA &#x2013;V and 1km AVHRR. The ESA CCI adheres to the FAO Land Cover Classification System (Santoro <em>et al</em>. 2015). Annual updates are currently available from 1992 to 2020. Additional years will be made available by the European Space Agency. </p>
<p>A global mountain area map sub-divided by bioclimatic belts has been developed by FAO and made available to national authorities to facilitate the compute this indicator. This map is the result of combining a global mountain area map developed from the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED2010), following the UNEP-WCMC methodology (Ravilious <em>et al. </em>2021) and a mountain bioclimatic belt map created by the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment<sup><a href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-ref-3">[2]</a></sup>. </p><div class="footnotes"><div><sup class="footnote-number" id="footnote-3">2</sup><p> https://ilias.unibe.ch/goto.php?target=file_2171234 <a href="#footnote-ref-3">&#x2191;</a></p></div></div>
 
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<p>This indicator uses two established classifications: (1) the simplified UN-SEEA land cover classification included in Table 2, and (2) the mountain bioclimatic belt classification established by K&#xF6;rner <em>et al. </em>(2011). The latter is used for data disaggregation only.</p>
<p>K&#xF6;rner <em>et al. </em>(2011) subdivides mountains vertically into seven bioclimatic belts based on average temperatures, therefore accounting for the latitudinal change in elevation of thermally similar areas in the world&#x2019;s mountains. For the purposes of this indicator, these seven bioclimatic belts are aggregated into four (Nival, Alpine, Montane and Remaining mountain areas), as illustrated in Table 4.</p>
<p><strong>Table 4. </strong>Mountain bioclimatic belts as defined by K&#xF6;rner et al. (2011) and reclassification for data disaggregation of SDG Indicator 15.4.2. Growing season is defined as the number of days between daily mean temperature exceeds 0.9 &#xB0;C then falls below 0.9 &#xB0;C</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>Bioclimatic belts</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Growing season mean temperature</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Growing season length</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>Bioclimatic belts adopted for SDG Indicator 15.4.2</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Nival</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 3.5 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 10 days</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Nival</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Upper alpine</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 3.5 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 10 days &amp; &lt; 54 days</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Alpine</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Lower alpine</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 6.4&#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&lt; 54 days</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">
<p>THE TREELINE</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Upper montane</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 6.4&#xB0;C &amp; &#x2264; 10 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>---</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Montane</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Lower montane</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 10 &#xB0;C &amp; &#x2264; 15 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>---</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Remaining mountain area with frost</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 15 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>---</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<p>Remaining mountain areas</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Remaining mountain area without frost</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>&gt; 15 &#xB0;C</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
 
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<p>Both sub-indicators will be expressed as proportions (percent) and area (KM2).</p>
 
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