2. SDG Metadata
3. 15-1-2

<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a>; <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/">http://www.birdlife.org/</a>; <a href="http://www.iucn.org/">http://www.iucn.org/</a> </p>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas.Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversityareas.org/sites/search.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>
<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187512.</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529.</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full.</p>
<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a>.</p>
<p>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Decision 14/8 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at <a href="https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf">https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</a>. </p>
<p>CBD (2020a). Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/gbo5/. </p>
<p>CBD (2020b). Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework: Scientific and technical information to support the review of the updated Goals and Targets, and related indicators and baselines. Document CBD/SBSTTA/24/3. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/705d/6b4b/a1a463c1b19392bde6fa08f3/sbstta-24-03-en.pdf.</p>
<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Available from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.short.</p>
<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322.</p>
<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract.</p>
<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>
<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243.</p>
<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). KBAs as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract.</p>
<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). KBAs as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118. Available from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short.</p>
<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Available from </p>
<p>https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779.</p>
<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Available from www.gadm.org.</p>
<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046.</p>
<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013;179. Available from </p>
<p>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298.</p>
<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259.</p>
<p>IUCN-WCPA Task Force on OECMs (2019). Recognising and reporting other effective area-based conservation measures. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.</p>
<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Available from http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf.</p>
<p>KBA Secretariat (2019). Key Biodiversity Areas Proposal Process: Guidance on Proposing, Reviewing, Nominating and Confirming sites. Version 1.0. Prepared by the KBA Secretariat and KBA Committee of the KBA Partnership. Cambridge, UK. Available at <a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/35687f50ac0bcad155ab17447b48885a</a>. </p>
<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Available from </p>
<p>http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short.</p>
<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055.</p>
<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-</p>
<p>9564-5#page-1.</p>
<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html.</p>
<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract.</p>
<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412.</p>
<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Available from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short.</p>
<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Available from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html.</p>
<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Available from </p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454</a>.</p>
<p>SIMKINS, A.T., PEARMAIN, E.J., &amp; DIAS, M.P. (2020). Code (and documentation) for calculating the protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity Areas. <a href="https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap">https://github.com/BirdLifeInternational/kba-overlap</a>. </p>
<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Available from https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1257484.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from <a href="http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available from http://www.protectedplanet.net.</p>

<h1> Ссылки </h1>
<h2> URL: </h2>
<p><a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.birdlife.org/">http://www.birdlife.org/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.iucn.org/">http://www.iucn.org/</a></p>
<h2>Ссылки:</h2>
<p>Эти метаданные основаны на <a href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx">http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx</a>, дополненном <a href="http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays">http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays</a> и на ссылках, перечисленных ниже.</p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Доступно на <a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA">http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA</a>.</p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) <em>World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas.</em>Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version.Доступно на <a href="http://keybiodiversity areas.org/site/search">http://keybiodiversity areas.org/site/search</a>.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Доступно на <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329%23.VafbVJPVq75">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75</a>.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Доступно на: <a href="https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456">https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</a></p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328: 1164&#x2013;1168. Доступно на <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164.short</a>.</p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2012). Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets. PLoS One 7(3): e32529. Доступно на <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032529</a></p>
<p>BUTCHART, S. H. M. et al. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329&#x2013;337. Доступно на <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12158/full</a></p>
<p>CBD (2014). Global Biodiversity Outlook 4. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr&#xE9;al, Canada. Доступно на <a href="https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/">https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/</a></p>
<p>CHAPE, S. et al. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360: 443&#x2013;445. Доступно на <a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1454/443.shor</a></p>
<p>DEGUIGNET, M., et al. (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Доступно на <a href="http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322">http://unep-wcmc.org/system/dataset_file_fields/files/000/000/263/original/2014_UN_List_of_Protected_Areas_EN_web.PDF?1415613322</a></p>
<p>DI MARCO, M., et al. (2016). Quantifying the relative irreplaceability of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. Conservation Biology 30: 392&#x2013;402. Доступно на <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12609/abstract</a>.</p>
<p>DONALD, P. et al. (2018) Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity. Bird Conserv. Internat. 29:177&#x2013;198.</p>
<p>DUDLEY, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Gland, Switzerland. Доступно на <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9243</a></p>
<p>EDGAR, G.J. et al. (2008). Key Biodiversity Areas as globally significant target sites for the conservation of marine biological diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 969&#x2013;983. Доступно на <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.902/abstract</a></p>
<p>EKEN, G. et al. (2004). Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110&#x2013;1118.Доступно на <a href="http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/12/1110.short</a></p>
<p>FOSTER, M.N. et al. (2012) The identification of sites of biodiversity conservation significance: progress with the application of a global standard. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4: 2733&#x2013;2744. Доступно на <a href="http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779">http://www.threatenedtaxa.in/index.php/JoTT/article/view/779</a>.</p>
<p>Global Administrative Areas (2019). GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 2.8. Доступно на <a href="http://www.gadm.org/home" target="_blank">www.gadm.org</a>.</p>
<p>HAN, X. et al. (2014). A Biodiversity indicators dashboard: addressing challenges to monitoring progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets using disaggregated global data. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112046. Доступно на <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112046</a></p>
<p>HOLLAND, R.A. et al. (2012). Conservation priorities for freshwater biodiversity: the key biodiversity area approach refined and tested for continental Africa. Biological Conservation 148: 167&#x2013; Доступно на <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000298</a></p>
<p>IUCN (2016). A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Доступно на <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a></p>
<p>JONAS, H.D. et al. (2014) New steps of change: looking beyond protected areas to consider other effective area-based conservation measures. Parks 20: 111&#x2013;128. Доступно на <a href="http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf">http://parksjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/PARKS-20.2-Jonas-et-al-10.2305IUCN.CH_.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ_.en_.pdf</a></p>
<p>KNIGHT, A. T. et al. (2007). Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas approach for effective conservation planning. BioScience 57: 256&#x2013;261. Доступно на <a href="http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short">http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/256.short</a></p>
<p>LANGHAMMER, P. F. et al. (2007). Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 15. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Доступно на <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9055</a></p>
<p>LEVERINGTON, F. et al. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management 46: 685&#x2013;698. Доступно на <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5#page-1</a></p>
<p>MONTESINO POUZOLS, F., et al. (2014) Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516: 383&#x2013;386. Доступно на <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v516/n7531/abs/nature14032.html</a></p>
<p>NOLTE, C. &amp; AGRAWAL, A. (2013). Linking management effectiveness indicators to observed effects of protected areas on fire occurrence in the Amazon rainforest. Conservation Biology 27: 155&#x2013;165. Доступно на <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01930.x/abstract</a></p>
<p>PAIN, D.J. et al. (2005) Biodiversity representation in Uganda&#x2019;s forest IBAs. Biological Conservation 125: 133&#x2013;138. Доступно на <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705001412</a></p>
<p>RICKETTS, T. H. et al. (2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497&#x2013;18501. Доступно на <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18497.short</a>.</p>
<p>RODRIGUES, A. S. L. et al. (2004). Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428: 640&#x2013;643. Доступно на <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/abs/nature02422.html</a></p>
<p>RODR&#xCD;GUEZ-RODR&#xCD;GUEZ, D., et al. (2011). Progress towards international targets for protected area coverage in mountains: a multi-scale assessment. Biological Conservation 144: 2978&#x2013;2983. Доступно на <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711003454</a></p>
<p>TITTENSOR, D. et al. (2014). A mid-term analysis of progress towards international biodiversity targets. Science 346: 241&#x2013;244. Доступно на <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/241.short</a></p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC (2019). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.6. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Доступно на <a href="http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual">http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual</a>.</p>
<p>UNEP-WCMC &amp; IUCN (2020). The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Доступно на <a href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">http://www.protectedplanet.net</a></p>

<p><strong>URL:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/; ">http://www.birdlife.org/; http://www.iucn.org/</p>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<p>These metadata are based on http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mi/wiki/7-6-Proportion-</p>
<p>of-terrestrial-and-marine-areas-protected.ashx, supplemented by http://www.bipindicators.net/paoverlays and the references listed below.unep-wcmc.org/</a>; <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/">http://www.birdlife.org/</a>; <a href="http://www.iucn.org/">http://www.iucn.org/</a> </p>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2014). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas: a global network for conserving nature and benefiting people. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Available at datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/sowbpubs#IBA.</p>
<p>BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2019) World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas.Developed by the KBA Partnership: BirdLife International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Amphibian Survival Alliance, Conservation International, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Global Environment Facility, Global Wildlife Conservation, NatureServe, Rainforest Trust, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wildlife Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund. September 2019 version. Available at http://keybiodiversity areas.org/sites/search.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T. et al. (2001). Conservation priorities for birds and biodiversity: do East African Important Bird Areas represent species diversity in other terrestrial vertebrate groups? Ostrich suppl. 15: 3&#x2013;12. Available </p>
<p>from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/00306520109485329#.VafbVJPVq75.</p>
<p>BROOKS, T.M. et al. (2016) Goal 15: Life on land. Sustainable manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss. Pp. 497&#x2013;522 in Dur&#xE1;n y Lalaguna, P., D&#xED;az Barrado, C.M. &amp; Fern&#xE1;ndez Liesa, C.R. (eds.) International Society and Sustainable Development Goals. Editorial Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, Spain. Available from: https://www.thomsonreuters.es/es/tienda/pdp/duo.html?pid=10008456</p>
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<p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</strong></p>
<p>National processes provide the data that are incorporated into the WDPA, the WDOECM, and the World Database of KBAs, so there are very few discrepancies between national indicators and the global one. One minor source of difference is that the WDPA incorporates internationally-designated protected areas (e.g., UNESCO World Heritage sites, Ramsar sites, etc), a few of which are not considered by their sovereign nations to be protected areas. </p>
<p>Note that because countries do not submit comprehensive data on degazetted protected areas to the WDPA, earlier values of the indictor may marginally underestimate coverage. Furthermore, there is also a lag between the point at which a protected area is designated on the ground and the point at which it is reported to the WDPA. As such, current or recent coverage may also be underestimated.</p>

<p> <strong> Источники расхождений: </strong> </p>
<p> Национальные процессы обеспечивают основную часть данных, которые впоследствии агрегируются как во Всемирную базу данных по охраняемым территориям, так и во Всемирную базу данных по ключевым районам сохранения биоразнообразия, и поэтому между национальными показателями и глобальными показателями очень мало различий. Одним из незначительных различий является то, что Всемирная база данных по охраняемым территориям включает охраняемые территории, определенные на международном уровне (например, объекты всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО, Рамсарские угодья и т. д.), но некоторые из них не считаются в их суверенных странах охраняемыми территориями. </p>
<p>Обратите внимание, что, поскольку страны не предоставляют во Всемирную базу данных по охраняемым территориям полные данные по официально объявленным ликвидированными охраняемым территориям, более ранние значения показателя могут незначительно отличаться по охвату. Кроме того, существует отставание между временем, когда произошло наделение полномочиями охраняемой территории на местности, и временем, когда об этом сообщается во Всемирную базу данных по охраняемым территориям. Таким образом, текущий или предшествующий охват также может быть занижен. </p>

<p><strong>Sources of discrepancies:</strong></p>
<p>National processes provide the data that are incorporated into the World Database on Protected Areas, the World Database on Other Effective Area-based Conservation MeasuresDPA, the WDOECM, and the World Database of Key Biodiversity AreaBAs, so there are very few discrepancies between national indicators and the global one. One minor source of difference is that the World Database on Protected AreasDPA incorporates internationally-designated protected areas (e.g., UNESCO World Heritage sites, Ramsar sites, etc), a few of which are not considered by their sovereign nations to be protected areas. </p>
<p>Note that because countries do not submit comprehensive data on degazetted protected areas to the WDPA, earlier values of the indictor may marginally underestimate coverage. Furthermore, there is also a lag between the point at which a protected area is designated on the ground and the point at which it is reported to the WDPA. As such, current or recent coverage may also be underestimated.</p>

<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>This indicator has been classified by the IAEG-SDGs as Tier 1. Current data are available for all countries in the world, and these are updated on an ongoing basis. Index values for each country are available in the UN SDG Indicators Database <a href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/">https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/</a>. Graphs of Protected area coverage of KBAs are also available for each country in the BIP Indicators Dashboard (<a href="https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html">https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html</a>), and the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Country Profiles (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>).</p>
<p>Underlying data on protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are available at <a href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">www.protectedplanet.net</a>. Data on KBAs are available at <a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org">www.keybiodiversityareas.org</a>. Data on subsets of KBAs are available for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas at <a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> and for Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at https://zeroextinction.org.</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>Given that data for the global indicator are compiled at national levels, it is straightforward to disaggregate to national and regional levels (e.g., Han et al. 2014), or conversely to aggregate to the global level. KBAs span all ecosystem types through the marine environment (Edgar et al. 2008) and beyond. The indicator can therefore be reported in combination across marine systems along with terrestrial or freshwater systems, or disaggregated among them. However, individual KBAs can encompass marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems simultaneously, and so determining the results is not simply additive. </p>

<h1> Доступность данных </h1>
<p> <strong> Описание: </strong> </p>
<p> Этот показатель был отнесен Межучрежденческой и экспертной группой по показателям достижения целей в области устойчивого развития (МЭГ-ЦУР) к Уровню 1. Текущие данные доступны по всем странам мира и они постоянно обновляются. </p>
<p> <strong> Временные ряды: </strong> </p>
<p> ~ 150 лет </p>
<p> <strong> Дезагрегирование: </strong> </p>
<p> Учитывая, что данные для глобального показателя составляются на национальном уровне, их легко дезагрегировать до национального и регионального уровней (например, Han et al., 2014) или, наоборот, агрегировать до глобального уровня. Ключевые районы сохранения биоразнообразия охватывают все типы экосистем, включая морские (Edgar et al. 2008), пресноводные (Holland et al. 2012) и горные (Rodr&#xED;guez-Rodr&#xED;guez et al. 2011). Таким образом, показатель может быть представлен в комбинации по наземным и пресноводным (и даже морским) системам или в разбивке по ним. Однако отдельные ключевые районы сохранения биоразнообразия могут охватывать одновременно наземные, пресноводные и морские системы, поэтому определение результатов не является простым суммированием. Наконец, показатель может быть дезагрегирован по различным категориям управления охраняемыми территориями (категории I &#x2013; VI), чтобы отразить различные конкретные ориентиры управления охраняемыми территориями. </p>
<p> В дополнение к агрегированию охвата охраняемых территорий по важным участкам для сохранения наземного и пресноводного биоразнообразия в качестве показателя достижения ЦУР 15.1, другие виды дезагрегирования охвата охраняемых районов, имеющих особое значение в качестве показателей достижения целевых показателей ЦУР (Brooks et al., 2016), включают: </p>
<p> ЦУР 14.5.1 Отношение  площади охраняемых районов к общей площади морских районов. </p>
<p> ЦУР 15.4.1 Охват охраняемыми территориями важных для биоразнообразия горных территорий. </p>
<p> Данные по охвату охраняемых территорий могут быть объединены с данными из других источников для получения других дополнительных показателей. Например, взаимное перекрытие охраняемых территорий с экорегиональными картами можно использовать для предоставления информации об охвате охраняемых территорий в различных биогеографических регионах. Охват охраняемых территорий распространения различных групп видов (например, млекопитающих, птиц, земноводных) может аналогичным образом обеспечивать показатели тенденций в охвате биоразнообразия на уровне видов. Охват охраняемых территорий может быть объединен с Индексом Красного списка для получения показателей воздействия охраняемых территорий на сокращение потерь биоразнообразия (Butchart et al. 2012). Наконец, показатели, полученные на основе взаимного перекрытия охраняемых территорий, также могут быть полезны для устойчивого городского развития; например, наложение охраняемых территорий на карты городов может служить показателем доли общественного пространства в общей площади города.</p>

<p><strong>Data availability:</strong></p>
<p>This indicator has been classified by the IAEG-SDGs as Tier 1. Current data are available for all countries in the world, and these are updated on an ongoing basis. Index values for each country are available in the UN SDG Indicators Database <a href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/">https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/</a>. Graphs of Protected area coverage of Key Biodiversity AreaBAs are also available for each country in the BIP Indicators Dashboard (<a href="https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html">https://bipdashboard.natureserve.org/bip/SelectCountry.html</a>), and the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool Country Profiles (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>).</p>
<p>Underlying data on protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are available at <a href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">www.protectedplanet.net</a>. Data on Key Biodiversity AreaBAs are available at <a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org">www.keybiodiversityareas.org</a>. Data on subsets of KBAs are available for Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas at <a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search">http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/search</a> and for Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at https://zeroextinction.org.</p>
<p><strong>Disaggregation:</strong></p>
<p>Given that data for the global indicator are compiled at national levels, it is straightforward to disaggregate to national and regional levels (e.g., Han et al. 2014), or conversely to aggregate to the global level. Key Biodiversity AreaBAs span all ecosystem types through the marine environment (Edgar et al. 2008) and beyond. The indicator can therefore be reported in combination across marine systems along with terrestrial or freshwater systems, or disaggregated among them. However, individual Key Biodiversity AreaBAs can encompass marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems simultaneously, and so determining the results is not simply additive. </p>

<p>High.</p>
<p>Each custodian agency is responsible for quality management of their own database.<br>Quality assessment of the indicator is shared between the indicator custodian agencies.</p>

<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>
<p>Data quality in the process of identifying KBAs is ensured through processes established by the <a href="https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/working-with-kbas/programme/partnership">KBA Partnership</a> and KBA Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the KBA Secretariat. </p>
<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent KBA Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of KBA, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of KBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>
<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of KBAs by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href="https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>

<p> <strong> Обеспечение качества: </strong> </p>
<p>Процесс сбора, стандартизации и публикации данных доступен в Руководстве пользователя Всемирной базы данных по охраняемым территориям по адресу: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manua </a>, которое опубликовано на английском, французском и испанском языках. Конкретные инструкции представлены на странице <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-area</a>, например, в регламентных полях или в таблицах во Всемирной базе данных по охраняемым территориям: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a> как кодируются отчеты Всемирной базы данных по охраняемым территориям, как собираются данные о международных и региональных обозначениях, как регулярно обновляется база данных и как представлять статистику охвата охраняемых территорий.</p>
<p>Процесс определения ключевых районов биоразнообразия поддерживается Партнерством по ключевым районам биоразнообразия (<a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners</a>). Среди ролей партнерства - создание Секретариата по ключевым областям биоразнообразия, который проверяет информацию, представленную на этапе предложения участков, на предмет правильности применения стандарта ключевых областей биоразнообразия (<a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46259</a>), а также на соответствие документации участка, а затем проверяет участок, информация о котором затем публикуется на веб-сайте ключевых областей биоразнообразия (<a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/get-involved</a>). Кроме того, председатели Комиссии МСОП по выживанию видов и Всемирной комиссии по охраняемым территориям (оба избираются членами МСОП, входящими в состав правительств и неправительственных организаций), назначают председателя независимого Комитета по стандартам и апелляциям в отношении ключевых территорий биоразнообразия, что обеспечивает правильное применение Глобального стандарта для определения ключевых областей биоразнообразия. Код R для расчета охвата охраняемых территорий ключевых территорий биоразнообразия задокументирован как Dias, M. (2017) &#x201C; Код R для расчета охвата охраняемых территорий КРБ &#x201D; (<a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/userfiles/files/R_code_for_calculating_protected_area_coverage_of_KBAs_March_2017.pdf</a></p>
<p>Помимо распространения через веб-сайт Защищенная планета (<a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/">https://www.protectedplanet.net </a>), процесс составления Списка ООН разъясняет в п. 3.1 тот факт, что данные по охраняемым территориям собираются от национальных агентств, которые названы в метаданных Всемирной базы данных по охраняемым территориям, и на веб-сайте ключевых территорий сохранения биоразнообразия (<a href="http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home</a>), данных визуального интерфейса Защищенная планета и данных по ключевым территориям сохранения биоразнообразия, которые распространяются с помощью Инструмента интегрированной оценки биоразнообразия, доступного для исследования и сохранения в Интернете (<a href="https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/">https://www.ibat-alliance.org/ibat-conservation/</a>). Он включает документы странового профиля для всех стран мира, в котором содержится документация по показателю охвата охраняемых территорий ключевых территорий сохранения биоразнообразия. Каждое ежегодное обновление этих страновых профилей направляется для консультаций национальным координаторам Конвенции о биологическом разнообразии (<a href="https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), представителям национальных статистических управлений по ЦУР и представителям постоянных представительств ООН (Женева).</p>

<p>Information on the process of how protected area data are collected, standardised and published is available in the WDPA User Manual at: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-manual</a> which is available in English, French and Spanish. Specific guidance is provided at <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/world-database-on-protected-areas</a> on, for example, predefined fields or look up tables in the WDPA: <a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables">https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/wdpa-lookup-tables</a>, how WDPA records are coded how international designations and regional designations data is collected, how regularly is the database updated, and how to perform protected areas coverage statistics. </p>
<p>Data quality in the process of identifying Key Biodiversity AreaBAs is ensured through processes established by the Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (<a href="https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-partners">http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-pworking-with-kbas/programme/partnership">KBA Partnership</a>) and Key Biodiversity AreasBA Secretariat. Data quality is ensured through wide stakeholder engagement in the KBA proposal process, data checking by Regional Focal Points, formal Review of KBA Proposals by independent Reviewers, and validation of Nominations by the Key Biodiversity AreasBA Secretariat. </p>
<p>In addition, the Chairs of the IUCN Species Survival Commission and World Commission on Protected Areas (both of whom are elected by the IUCN Membership of governments and non-governmental organisations), appoint the Chair of an independent Key Biodiversity AreasBA Standards and Appeals Committee, which ensures the correct application of the Global Standard for the identification of Key Biodiversity AreasBA, and oversees a formal Procedure for handling of appeals against the identification of Key Biodiversity AreaBAs (see http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/assets/1b388c918e14c5f4c3d7a0237eb0d366).</p>
<p>Before submission to the UN SDG Indicators database the annually updated indicators of coverage of Key Biodiversity AreaBAs by protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures are incorporated into updated Country Profiles on the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (<a href="https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles">https://ibat-alliance.org/country_profiles</a>) and then sent for consultation to National Focal Points of the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href="https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml">https://www.cbd.int/information/nfp.shtml</a>), National Statistics Offices SDG Representatives and UN Permanent Missions (Geneva) representatives. </p>