All translations have been updated for the Debian Bookworm version of the Debian Administrator's Handbook. Due to Debian Trixie being released soon, we hope to release the Trixie version of the book soon as well. Thus, there might only be a brief period to translate the Bookworm version of the book this time. We thank everybody who has contributed so far and hope that you continue your great work.

Overview

Project website debian-handbook.info
Instructions for translators

https://debian-handbook.info/contribute/ Mailing list for translators: <debian-handbook-translators@lists.alioth.debian.org
Project maintainers User avatar rhertzogUser avatar pereUser avatar dleidert
Translation license GNU General Public License v2.0 or later
Translation process
  • Translations can be made directly.
  • Translation suggestions can be made.
  • Any authenticated user can contribute.
  • The translation uses bilingual files.
Source code repository https://salsa.debian.org/hertzog/debian-handbook.git
Repository branch bookworm/main
Last remote commit Update PO files c274c239
User avatar dleidert authored yesterday
Last commit in Weblate ru-RU: Translated using Weblate. 224cdc99
User avatar ashed authored 3 hours ago
Weblate repository https://hosted.weblate.org/git/debian-handbook/12_advanced-administration/
File mask */92_short-remedial-course.po
Translation file Download ja-JP/92_short-remedial-course.po
Last change April 22, 2025, 2:09 a.m.
Last change made by None
Language Japanese
Language code ja
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-insensitive
Number of speakers 117,608,755
Number of plurals 1
Plural type None
Plurals
Plural formula 0
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String statistics

Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 250 6,347 49,760
Translated 56% 141 70% 4,505 64% 31,987
Needs editing 36% 92 20% 1,322 26% 13,309
Read-only 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Failing checks 31% 79 32% 2,037 35% 17,511
Strings with suggestions 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Untranslated strings 6% 17 8% 520 8% 4,464
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Resource updated
The “ja-JP/92_short-remedial-course.po” file was changed. yesterday
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String added in the repository
There are many filesystem formats, corresponding to many ways of physically storing data on disks. The most widely known are <emphasis>ext3</emphasis> and <emphasis>ext4</emphasis>, but others exist. For instance, <emphasis>vfat</emphasis> is the system that was historically used by DOS and Windows operating systems, which allows using hard disks under Debian as well as under Windows. In any case, a filesystem must be prepared on a disk before it can be mounted and this operation is known as “formatting”. Commands such as <command>mkfs.ext4</command> (where <command>mkfs</command> stands for <emphasis>MaKe FileSystem</emphasis>) handle formatting. These commands require, as a parameter, a device file representing the partition to be formatted (for instance, <filename>/dev/sda1</filename>). This operation is destructive and should only be run once, except if one deliberately wishes to wipe a filesystem and start afresh.
ディスク上にデータを保存する物理的な方法の違いに対応して、多くのファイルシステムが存在します。最も広く知られているファイルシステムは <emphasis>ext2</emphasis>、<emphasis>ext3</emphasis>、<emphasis>ext4</emphasis> ですが、他にも存在します。たとえば、<emphasis>vfat</emphasis> は歴史的に DOS と Windows オペレーティングシステムで使われていたファイルシステムで、<emphasis>vfat</emphasis> ファイルシステムを使っているハードディスクは Debian および Windows 環境下で使うことが可能です。いかなる場合でも、ディスクをマウントする前に必ずディスク上にファイルシステムを準備しなければいけません。この準備作業は「フォーマット」として知られています。フォーマットを行うには <command>mkfs.ext3</command> (ここで <command>mkfs</command> は <emphasis>MaKe FileSystem</emphasis> の略語です) などのコマンドを使います。<command>mkfs.ext3</command> などのコマンドには、フォーマットされるパーティションを指すデバイスファイル (たとえば <filename>/dev/sda1</filename>) をパラメータとして渡す必要があります。ファイルシステムの作成作業は破壊的なものです。意図的にファイルシステムを完全に消去して、最初からやり直したい場合を除いて、2 回やってはいけません。
yesterday
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Source string changed
There are many filesystem formats, corresponding to many ways of physically storing data on disks. The most widely known are <emphasis>ext2</emphasis>, <emphasis>ext3</emphasis> and <emphasis>ext4</emphasis>, but others exist. For instance, <emphasis>vfat</emphasis> is the system that was historically used by DOS and Windows operating systems, which allows using hard disks under Debian as well as under Windows. In any case, a filesystem must be prepared on a disk before it can be mounted and this operation is known as “formatting”. Commands such as <command>mkfs.ext34</command> (where <command>mkfs</command> stands for <emphasis>MaKe FileSystem</emphasis>) handle formatting. These commands require, as a parameter, a device file representing the partition to be formatted (for instance, <filename>/dev/sda1</filename>). This operation is destructive and should only be run once, except if one deliberately wishes to wipe a filesystem and start afresh.
yesterday
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String added in the repository
Applications often access devices by way of special files created within <filename>/dev/</filename> (see sidebar <xref linkend="sidebar.special-files" />). These are special files that represent disk drives (for instance, <filename>/dev/hda</filename> and <filename>/dev/sdc</filename>), <filename>/dev/nvme1n1</filename> partitions (<filename>/dev/hda1</filename> or <filename>/dev/sdc3</filename> or <filename>/dev/nvme1n1p2</filename>), mice (<filename>/dev/input/mouse0</filename>), keyboards (<filename>/dev/input/event0</filename>), soundcards (<filename>/dev/snd/*</filename>), serial ports (<filename>/dev/ttyS*</filename>), and so on.
アプリケーションは <filename>/dev/</filename> 内に作られた特殊ファイル (補注<xref linkend="sidebar.special-files" />を参照してください) を介してデバイスにアクセスする場合が多いです。<filename>/dev/</filename> 内には特殊ファイルがあり、これらはディスクドライブ (たとえば <filename>/dev/hda</filename> や <filename>/dev/sdc</filename>)、パーティション (<filename>/dev/hda1</filename> や <filename>/dev/sdc3</filename>)、マウス (<filename>/dev/input/mouse0</filename>)、キーボード (<filename>/dev/input/event0</filename>)、サウンドカード (<filename>/dev/snd/*</filename>)、シリアルポート (<filename>/dev/ttyS*</filename>) などを表しています。
yesterday
User avatar None

Source string changed
Applications often access devices by way of special files created within <filename>/dev/</filename> (see sidebar <xref linkend="sidebar.special-files" />). These are special files that represent disk drives (for instance, <filename>/dev/hda</filename> and <filename>/dev/sdc</filename>), <filename>/dev/nvme1n1</filename> partitions (<filename>/dev/hda1</filename> or <filename>/dev/sdc3</filename> or <filename>/dev/nvme1n1p2</filename>), mice (<filename>/dev/input/mouse0</filename>), keyboards (<filename>/dev/input/event0</filename>), soundcards (<filename>/dev/snd/*</filename>), serial ports (<filename>/dev/ttyS*</filename>), and so on.
yesterday
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String added in the repository

<computeroutput>$ </computeroutput><userinput>lspci
</userinput><computeroutput>[...]
00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Root Complex
00:00.2 IOMMU: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse IOMMU
00:01.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:01.2 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse GPP Bridge
00:02.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
00:03.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge
[..]
02:09.0 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Device 43ea
05:00.0 PCI bridge: ASPEED Technology, Inc. AST1150 PCI-to-PCI Bridge (rev 04)
06:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ASPEED Technology, Inc. ASPEED Graphics Family (rev 41)
07:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation I210 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 03)
08:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller PM9A1/PM9A3/980PRO
09:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller PM9A1/PM9A3/980PRO
0a:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Function
0b:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Reserved SPP
0b:00.1 Encryption controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Cryptographic Coprocessor PSPCPP
0b:00.3 USB controller: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse USB 3.0 Host Controller
$ </computeroutput><userinput>lsusb
</userinput><computeroutput>Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05e3:0610 Genesys Logic, Inc. Hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 048d:c102 Integrated Technology Express, Inc. ITE Device(8910)
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 5986:115f Bison Electronics Inc. Integrated Camera
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 048d:c975 Integrated Technology Express, Inc. ITE Device(8295)
Bus 001 Device 006: ID 8087:0026 Intel Corp. AX201 Bluetooth
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 05e3:0620 Genesys Logic, Inc. GL3523 Hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
</computeroutput>
 
yesterday
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String added in the repository
Let us start with a basic reminder that a computer is, first and foremost, a set of hardware elements. There is generally a main board (known as the <emphasis>motherboard</emphasis>), with one (or more) processor(s), some RAM, device controllers, and extension slots for option boards (for other device controllers). Most noteworthy among these controllers are IDE (Parallel ATA), SCSI, and Serial ATA, for connecting to storage devices such as hard disks. Other controllers include USB, which is able to host a great variety of devices (ranging from webcams to thermometers, from keyboards to home automation systems) and IEEE 1394 (Firewire). These controllers often allow connecting several devices so the complete subsystem handled by a controller is therefore usually known as a “bus”. Option boards include graphics cards (into which monitor screens will be plugged), sound cards, network interface cards, and so on. Some main boards are pre-built with these features, and don't need option boards.
基本的なことを思い出すことから始めましょう。何よりもまず、コンピュータはハードウェア部品の集合体である、という点です。ほとんどの場合、主要基板 (<emphasis>マザーボード</emphasis>として知られています) があり、主要基板に 1 台 (または複数台) のプロセッサ、RAM、デバイスコントローラ、(他のデバイスコントローラを搭載する) 拡張カードを差し込む拡張スロットが取り付けられています。最も注目すべきコントローラはハードディスクなどのストレージデバイスを接続する IDE (パラレル ATA)、SCSI、シリアル ATA です。その他のコントローラには、多くのさまざまなデバイス (ウェブカメラから温度計、キーボードからホームオートメーションシステムなど) をホストすることが可能な USB と IEEE 1394 (Firewire) があります。これらのコントローラには複数のデバイスを接続することが可能です。このため、コントローラによって取り扱われる完全なサブシステムは「バス」と呼ばれます。拡張カードにはグラフィックカード (モニタ画面をここに接続します)、サウンドカード、ネットワークインターフェースカードなどがあります。一部のマザーボードはいくつかの機能をあらかじめ備えており、拡張カードを必要としません。
yesterday
User avatar None

Source string changed
Let us start with a basic reminder that a computer is, first and foremost, a set of hardware elements. There is generally a main board (known as the <emphasis>motherboard</emphasis>), with one (or more) processor(s), some RAM, device controllers, and extension slots for option boards (for other device controllers). Most noteworthy among these controllers are IDE (Parallel ATA), SCSI, and Serial ATA, for connecting to storage devices such as hard disks. Other controllers include USB, which is able to host a great variety of devices (ranging from webcams to thermometers, from keyboards to home automation systems) and IEEE 1394 (Firewire). These controllers often allow connecting several devices so the complete subsystem handled by a controller is therefore usually known as a “bus”. Option boards include graphics cards (into which monitor screens will be plugged), sound cards, network interface cards, and so on. Some main boards are pre-built with these features, and don't need option boards.
yesterday
User avatar None

String added in the repository
These configuration files stored directly in a user's home directory, often collectively referred to as <emphasis>dotfiles</emphasis>, have long proliferated to the point that these directories can be quite cluttered with them. Fortunately, an effort led collectively under the FreeDesktop.org umbrella has resulted in the “XDG Base Directory Specification”, a convention that aims at cleaning up these files and directories. This specification states that configuration files should be stored under <filename>~/.config/</filename>, cache files under <filename>~/.cache/</filename>, and application data files under <filename>~/.local/</filename> (or subdirectories thereof). This convention has been gaining traction, and many applications (especially graphical ones) are following it.
これらの設定ファイルはユーザのホームディレクトリ直下に保存され、まとめて<emphasis>ドットファイル</emphasis>と呼ばれており、増え続けることでユーザのホームディレクトリを散らかす原因となっています。幸いなことに、FreeDesktop.org の傘下で行われた努力により「XDG 基本ディレクトリ仕様」が生まれました。これは設定ファイルと設定ディレクトリを一掃することを目的とする仕様です。XDG 基本ディレクトリ仕様によれば、設定ファイルは <filename>~/.config</filename> に、キャッシュファイルは <filename>~/.cache</filename> に、アプリケーションデータファイルは <filename>~/.local</filename> (およびそのサブディレクトリ) に保存すると決められています。XDG 基本ディレクトリ仕様はゆっくりと勢いを増しつつあり、一部のアプリケーション (特にグラフィカルアプリケーション) はこの仕様に従うようになっています。
yesterday
User avatar None

Source string changed
These configuration files stored directly in a user's home directory, often collectively referred to as <emphasis>dotfiles</emphasis>, have long proliferated to the point that these directories can be quite cluttered with them. Fortunately, an effort led collectively under the FreeDesktop.org umbrella has resulted in the “XDG Base Directory Specification”, a convention that aims at cleaning up these files and directoryies. This specification states that configuration files should be stored under <filename>~/.config/</filename>, cache files under <filename>~/.cache/</filename>, and application data files under <filename>~/.local/</filename> (or subdirectories thereof). This convention is slowlyhas been gaining traction, and severalmany applications (especially graphical ones) have startedare following it.
yesterday
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